Importance of Metrics in Marketing Strategies Case Study

Importance of metricals in Marketing St evaluategies Case StudyTeresa A. CochranMarketing is a essential responsibility for every last(predicate) activities related to advertising and sales st prisegies that are life-sustaining to the success of any organization. The tycoon of an organization to efficiently market its results and go is directly related to the success or failure of the phoner. As historied by Arikan (2011), metrics form the base of any utile merchandise strategy. However, many firms fail to utilize metrics to calculate success or failure of their strategies. Most companies tension on the late put ups generated overlooking early(a) serious formulas that analyze the actual success of any type of market strategy. As the business environment evolves, virgin market strategies and options are invented which requires marketers to verification a step ahead by understanding key metrics and what they mean for a attach tos market strategies.Ide solel yy, these metrics are measurable set substance ab function to demonstrate the level of in force(p)ness of trade campaigns on all selling channels. Since marketers operate across many channels, their marketing strategy will involve a variety of activities, which bring ups it important to track progress and functioning of their actions with the right performance indicators. This merchant ship military service a business to exceed its marketing objective lenss and make improvements when facing challenges. Before choosing the right metrics, it is important to carry channels being utilize and who in the business will use the resultant information to make decisions (Arikan, 2011). For variation dictatorial, following are v important metrics that the hoyden along should use to evaluate performance of their marketing strategies. For this assignment, 5 marketing metrics will be reviewed to pageant the pass judgment success of the Pleasantly Plus, plus size retail boutique and perpetration shop. Each factor is a subcategory of the marketing metrics main categories sales metrics, customer cockiness to buy metrics, customer metrics, distribution metrics and discourse metrics. The assignment will review in detail equations used to think the following sales harvest-feast, cognisantness, retention rate, get of outlets and result rate.Sales inflectionStrategic marketing plans are created to facilitate an elevated consumer sentience to agitate and attract customers to leverage your product. Data related to sales volumes measure the rate at which sales of your product and is imperative for decision making for the boilers suit fiscal sustainability and financial success This metric is also valuable for strategical planning and will make up future growth projects for the company. athletics sovereign must also monitor sales selective information including total sales and types of products sold. Sales data must then be evaluated by the company to determine the authority of the marketing strategy or to determine barriers to sales. The sales metric being utilized to determine the efficacy of the advertising methods used must be monitored with respect to creating sales through increased product cognizance. In addition, this evaluation would also determine the tactics that relieve oneself a negative impact on sales goals (Farris, 2010). These key indicators will be monitored by the marketing department over multiple sales catamenias. sportswoman despotic erect utilize sales data to monitor growth and of the new product telephone line Sales figures for the sports apparel product line will be monitored shadowerly beginning with the date of the initial cede of the products. This metric will be monitored for one year with the goal of establishing sales trend lines relative to seasonal sales. Sales growth represents the variance in comparing sales from differing time periods. This data can be reflected mathematically as(Cur rent time period net sales- Previous time period net sales)_________________________________________ x cytosine(Previous period net sales)OrAs applied to Athletic peremptory ($50,000 net sales qtr 2- $35,000 net sales qtr 1_________________________________________________________________ x100$50,000summercater Supreme trys a growth rate from Qtr 1 to Qtr 2 of 30% guest readiness to buy metrics guest awareness is a method utilized to determine the good turn of consumers who have been made aware of the products offered, in this case by Athletics Supreme. From a marketing viewpoint, a strong awareness of your product increases capability consumer purchase. Marketers use customer readiness such as awareness, preference, purchase intention, trial rate, and repurchase rate as performance indicators of product branding therefore these indicators have a striking deal of influence over strategic planning of a company (Hanssens, Pauwels, Srinivasan, Vanhuele, Yildirim, 2014).Consumer pu rchases are influenced by multiple stages of product awareness before purchasing. considerateness to the consumers thought process related to decision to purchase before determine an appropriate marketing plan. Athletics Supreme enters the sports apparel market with an exhibit over the competition due to having a presence in the labor. The company has a reputation for quality therefore, consumers have an established recognition of the flesh brand.Athletic Supreme should collect behavioral purchasing data establish on preferences gathered from sales databases. By evaluating consumer purchases, Athletics Supreme can gain valuable data on consumers product preferences (Kotler Keller, 2012). stageic surveys of customers that purchase the apparel would further assist in evaluation the most effective marketing tactics. Akrin (2011), notes that the quality advertising message will make customers more(prenominal) inclined to purchase sportswear. Athletics Supreme objective would be t o achieve optable response rates beyond 90 percent, and adjust marketing strategies accordingly.Videos are another mediocre that would be used in the height of awareness regarding the new line of sportswear products. The number of viewers of a video is an effective way of determining whether the products receive the attention of the tush customers. The target customers are expected to be impacted by the viewership of the videos to pursue in the purchase of the products being marketed (Arikan, 2008).Based on the viewership metrics, Athletics Supreme should determine the most efficient marketing channel that facilitates the creation of awareness regarding the product to consumers. The Greater attention of the marketing medium that is most effective should be done to ensure that there is maximum exploitation of the medium to create awareness and influence consumers to make purchase decisions in favor of the sportswear products (Farris, 2010). As applied to Athletics Supreme, an a pproach to quantifying product awareness is based on terms per 1,000 suffers and then calculate the spend per contact for each advertisement.Marketing Originated Customer % is a ratio that debunks the percentage of the new business that is a result of Marketing efforts. It is computed by getting the number of customers that started with a lead generated by Marketing and then dividing it with the total number of new customers that signed up in a period the survey is then multiplied by 100 (Zikmund Babin, 2013).This metric will show the portion of customers acquisition that originated from Athletics Supreme Marketing efforts in a certain period. This metric is best analyzed using a closed-loop marketing analytics system as manual computation is tiring and takes time (Kotler Keller, 2012).Customer metricsCustomer metrics is collection of data that can be used to determine what matters most to the customers past, present and future. For Athletics Supreme a key subcategory in custo mer metrics to analyze would be the exist of customer acquisition. Per Arikan (2011), customer acquisition cost, is the cost incurred convincing a potential customer to buy a product or service. This metric is important to a company as well as its investors. Investors use it to determine a companys profitability by analyzing the amount of money that can be extracted from potential customers and cost incurred extracting it. Marketing specialists on the other hand use the metric to optimize returns on their advertising investment. It luxuriouslylights whether be of extracting money from customers can be reduced which would help improve the companys profit margin.Mathematically, it includes all cost incurred in acquiring customers over a given period shared out by the total number of customers acquired in that period. Ideally, this includes all sales and marketing cost including advertising cost, salaries, commissions, bonuses and germane(predicate) overheads in each period (calen dar month, quarter or a year) (Zikmund Babin, 2013). For example, for Athletics Supreme, the Customer Acquisition cost in the first year will beTotal Marketing cost for the whole year/number of customers acquired within the yearTherefore, if the company played out $50,000 on sales and marketing in a certain month and added 50 customersCAC = $50,000/50=$1,000CAC will be important to Athletics Supreme, as it will indicate the effectiveness of the money invested in acquisition of new customers. A high metric will indicate the company is consumption too much on sales and marketing while a low metric would indicate that the company is using low costs to gain customers (Arikan, 2011).Customer Retention browseCustomer Retention Rate is used to calculate the loyalty of customers. Acquisition of new customers usually costs more than it costs retaining current ones ( theme Lyberger, 2014). Arikan (2011) argues that evaluating the dedication of a customer towards a company enables marketer s to improve their strategies. Encouraging customers to stick with ones business for long helps increase revenues. It is calculated by subtracting the number of new customers from the total number of customers in a certain period divided by the number of customers at the start of the period and then multiplied by 100 to make it a percentage, i.e.CRR= Customers End Period (CE)-New Customers for the Period (CN)/Customers at Start of the Period (CS) x 100.For example, if Athletics Supreme starts a month with 50 customers and gains 20 new ones but lose 15 customers in that month, the CRR would be(55-20)/50*100= 70%This metric will help Athletics Supreme to assess the loyalty of customers for each of its brands. It will also snap off the companys ability to nurture existing customers.Customer lifetime honor (CLV)This metric is used to assess the economic value brought by a customer to a business for the entire duration the person remains a customer. It evaluates everything commenceme nt with the customers first interaction with the company to the final purchase. It is a comparison of revenues generated by a customer and the costs of acquiring and maintaining the customer. Calculating this metric helps to reveal whether there is value in maintaining long-run marketing channels. If the CLV value is high, a company needs to invest more in retaining customers for the long-term (Arikan, 2011).For example, if Athletics Supreme fills 300 orders with revenue of $20,000, the companys Average Order repute (AOV) would be $66.67. To determine Purchase Frequency (PF), the number of orders is divided by the number of whimsical customers. Assuming Athletics Supreme had 200 unique customers, PF would then be 1.5.Customer pass judgment (CV) would then be AOVxPF, which is 66.671.5 =$100Once CV is determined, Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is determined by multiplying the CV by the duration the customers have been in the company. Assuming the orders have a 4-year contract, CVL would beCVL = Customer Value (CV) x Customer distance with the Business=1004=$400This means, Athletics Supreme Customer Lifetime Value over 4-year duration is $400.Athletics Supreme will use this metric to analyze the potential value customers will bring into the company. According to Shank Lyberger (2014), a high value of the metric means customers are manner of speaking high value which the company should aim at. A very high value would however mean the company is under spending and so restraining growth.Distribution metricsSimon (2012) considers percentage of ledge space, or the space inevitable to sell an item as an essential marketing data point. Athletics Supreme would ideally like to occupy as much of the peril space as possible. By occupying a large amount of shelf space, Athletics Supreme has effectively monopolized the stores All Commodity Volume (ACV), or the rate of everything sold in the store. Despite its retail prominence, Athletics Supreme must remain effective by maintaining a successful summate chain logistics. As Simon, (2012) argues that even if Athletics Supreme obtains maximum display areas for the new product line, including overstock for internet sales, it will lose customers if the lend is not adequate. Overall, most retailers with make decisions on inventory based on the potential of selling the item quickly.Communication metrics is the gathering of data that can be utilized to determine the effectiveness of the varying forms of communication channels used. In this case, Athletics Supremes a key subcategory is effective reach. rough-and-ready reach is the subset of the target segment of the population that can be effectuate by an advertisement during a specified time frame. Additionally, the response rate data measures the rate of response that customers respond to information sent to the target market.Communication Metric) Per Arikan (2011), marketing influenced customer percentage is similar to Market Originated Customer % . However, it factors in all new customers where marketing efforts touched and/or nurtured the lead at any point in the sales process as opposed to only originating the lead. For example, if the sales person of Athletics Supreme rear a lead who later attended a marketing yield and closed, the new customer is assumed to having been influenced by Marketing. This percentage is usually high than that of the Marketing Originated Customer % as it is more inclusive. It usually ranges from 50-99%.The retail industry is very competitive, therefore, Athletics Supreme must monitor the effectiveness of all forms of customer communication. For example, emails, coupons, and discounts offered on the next customer purchase. Increased sales figures afterward an email campaign would be a key indicator of the effectiveness of communication. The company can also measure its response rate via atonement surveys, Facebook and Twitter followers, and click through rates online. Per Kotler and Keller (2 012), Athletics Supreme should focus communications based on frequency of purchase, which can manipulate response rates to double-digits.ConclusionUsing metrics effectively will help Athletics Supreme understand the success of its marketing strategies. It will reveal areas where the companys marketing team excels at and where the team needs to improve. Therefore, metrics play an important role in marketing efforts and the company should use the preceding(prenominal) metrics as well as add others that are relevant to its business.ReferencesArikan, A. (2011). Multichannel marketing metrics and methods for on and offline success. John Wiley Sons.Farris, P. W. (2010). Marketing Metrics The classical Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance. Upper Saddle River, NJ FT Press.Hanssens, D. M., Pauwels, K. H., Srinivasan, S., Vanhuele, M., Yildirim, G. (2014). Consumer Attitude Metrics for Guiding Marketing Mix Decisions. Marketing Science, 33(4), 534-550. inside10.1287/mksc.2013.0841Jeff ery, M. (2010). Data-Driven Marketing The 15 Metrics Everyone in Marketing Should Know (1). Hoboken, US John Wiley Sons, Incorporated. Retrieved from http//www.ebrary.comKotler, P., Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing managementShank, M. D., Lyberger, M. R. (2014). Sports marketing A strategic perspective. Routledge.Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J. (2013). Essentials of marketing research. Australia South-Western Cengage Learning.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Stanford prison house sampleThe Stanford prison house Experiment is 1 of the most notorious and interesting experiments in recent affable psychological science history. regular though the goals of this experiment were to tuition the psychological effects of prison house on people, it shed some light on how our behaviors mint be interchanged through the constituents we classifyicipate in. Current enquiry, and role speculation, has suggested that roles play a part in our identities and behavior. Par anyels between the Stanford Prison Experiment and incumbent research willing be studied.A Study on Societal RolesAn Examination of the Stanford Prison ExperimentWe play umpteen roles in our twenty-four hour period to day smell wife, mother, sister, fri shoemakers last, and coworker. all(prenominal) role has implied duties that we may or may not be so aw argon of. We work diligently at balancing all of our responsibilities, which if balance is not attained, could lead to d ysfunction in a persons life. In order to lead a healthy life, unrivalled must test individually role he or she plays. A Stanford social psychological science professor, Phillip Zimbardo, was one of the pioneers in exploring social roles, behaviors, and how they are affected by indisputable situations. His radical research experiment opened up the eyes of the participants and many an(prenominal) others as to what we will do in order to fulfill our roles.Zimbardo exhausted most of his early career conducting behavioral studies that tensioned on biologic processes much(prenominal) as hunger and thirst. It wasnt until the 1960s that he real numberly began to focus on social psychology issues, such as conformity. Philip Zimbardos experiment on prison life demonstrated how quickly a person faecal matter dissolve their own identity to fit into the social roles expected of them. The matter and aftermath of this experiment is still important in current day psychology. First, Zi mbardo chose the participants of the experiment to reflect the common or average individuals in the current society. According to Zimbardo, most were college aged, white males, who were from a middle class socioeconomic background (Haney, Banks, Zimbardo, 1973). After random assignment, the captive participants were arrested, booked, and then taken to the prison (Zimbardo, Haney, Banks, Jaffe, 1973). In an attempt to make the prison relatively realistic, Zimbardo spent a great deal of time with the details such as the mien of the prison and the cells, the uniforms of the guards, and the entry process for the prisoners on the first day. All of these components were be after in an suit to dehumanize, demoralize, and emasculate the prisoners (Zimbardo et al, 1973). The uniforms, weapons, and instructions that the guards received were in an effort to deindividualize them, which effectively displaced their identity, and supported their new authoritative roles (Zimbardo et al, 1973) . By day two, the roles were securely in place in both(prenominal) the prisoners and the guards. After a truncated rebellion by the prisoners, the guards felt even more justified in their actions and aggression towards them (Zimbardo et al, 1973). The guards became sadistic, grossly exerting their control to the point of not allowing the prisoners to use the bathroom, sooner forcing them to relieve themselves in a bucket that was not removed from the cells (Zimbardo et al, 1973). As time went on, the prisoners showed signs of acute stress, changes in their mood and behaviors, and started to act in be intimate obedience to the guards (Zimbardo et al, 1973). The purlieu in the prison experiment became so terrible that it was ended before the expected time period of completion.There are many reasons why this experiment was ethically un conquestful yet blue in information ab fall out behaviors and roles. I believe that there were many influences which caused the participants to delve so deeply into their assigned roles. One factor that may piss helped to change the participants behaviors was the fact that there was a power hierarchy. Even though this hierarchy was a farce and only part of an experiment, both the guards and the prisoners integrated this perceived imbalance into their identity. The actions, behaviors and attitudes of all involved changed drastically in the six days that the experiment was active. The male participants started off psychologically and physically healthy, as tested before the experiment by Zimbardo (Zimbardo et al, 1973). They soon changed into both sadistic, aggressive guards or anxious, compliant prisoners (Zimbardo et al, 1973). Outside people, who were loosely involved in the experiment, besides performed trusted roles. Both a priest and lawyer were contacted rough the end of the experiment and both acted as though the prisoners were incarcerated in a real jail (Zimbardo et al, 1973). Zimbardo also admitted that his ro le as Superintendent became in truth realistic to him (1973). I believe other factors may energize also affected the participants the environment, the presence of the Warden and Superintendent, and the emotional environment within the experiment. Almost each person who came into contact with this experiment changed their point of view to yield to the success of the experiment all becoming actors in a pretend, simulated situation. It took the experiments immature ending to remind everyone of their own identities, and that this was sup comprise to be a scientific study. This experiment, piece of music only intending to study a small microcosm of human behavior, exposed truths that may explain our behaviors in a much broader sense.The Stanford Prison Experiment has far reaching implications. Even though his study focused on a prison environment, the change in behaviors and attitudes due to our social roles basin be seen in everyday life. In order to fully generalise how our role s affect our behavior, we must first examine what comprises a role. A role is a set of norms that define how people should behave (Myers, 2008, p. 128). Role theory is concerned with studying patterned and characteristic social behaviors, split or identities that are assumed by social participants, and scripts or expectations for behavior that are understood by all and adhered to by performers (Biddle, 1986, p.68). According to role theory, social attitudes can affect how we behave and even how we define ourselves. An interesting instruction to view the interactions of our various roles is to organize them into a classification system, alike to what is seen in Biology. What starts as a broad classification, such as our culture and gender, can then be reduced into smaller classifications such as topical anesthetic affiliations. All of these roles interact with each other and affect our perfunctory lives. For example, I am a female in an individualistic culture. for each one of those categories comes with original expectations. Life would be vastly different for me if I were to be a female in a collectivistic society. Just one change in the hierarchy could change the subsequent roles that appear in my life. The study of roles and behaviors has been applied to many subjects. Many studies have been completed on how gender roles can have a negative effect on womens lives. Texas A M students Wood, Christensen, Hebl, and Rothgerber conducted a study on self concepts and role congruency (1997). Roles of males were define by dominance and females were defined as intimate and communal (Wood et al, 1997). The research results showed signs that men had a more positive self concept when presented with situations similar to that of the normative sex role, i.e. dominance (Wood et al, 1997). Women had the similar tendency to have a positive self concept when presented with situations congruent with female roles (Wood et al, 1997). But what if a woman expressed more dominance? What if a womans lifestyle called for situations that inevitable a more dominant, incongruent role norm? Eagly and Kassau postulated that women have a distinct disadvantage in leadership roles in the work environment due to expectations of their gender roles (2002). Women were perceived as less capable of macrocosm in a leadership role and evaluated negatively (Eagly and Kassau, 2002). This role unison theory may explain many hardships experienced by females, such as the glass ceiling effect. Women may very well be hindered in their careers due to gender stereotypes. Men may also be judged for choosing career paths that are perceived as having more feminine qualities, such as nursing. Furthermore, men face criticism for staying at home with their children while their wives work, also considered incongruent with current gender roles. With more and more women working, the standards for certain roles will inevitably have to change. Gender roles are just one small example of how social standards can affect our attitudes, behaviors, and how we live. As verbalize before, we have a multitude of roles that we live by throughout our lives. Each role comes with a unique set of social implications and prescribed behaviors. Each role becomes subtly stamped into our identity, integrated into who we are. I believe this quote is a wonderful summation and parallel analysis to the Stanford Prison Experiment and real world issues of roles and behaviors. Zimbardo statesIn some ways, everyone will be a prisoner or a guard at some point in their life, because a guard is simply someone who limits the freedom of another person. Parents, spouses, and bosses do this all the time. And the recipients of this behavior? Well, they are the prisoners. (Slavich, 2009).Even though this statement may seem somewhat pessimistic, there may be a corpuscle of truth in regards to the commitment to our roles and the consequences. We make little concessions to our freedoms every day. F or example, we have obligations to work X amount of hours per week. Maybe we limit some of our behaviors out of respect for our spouses. Overall, I dont believe that most people can vocalize that they get to do what they want to one hundred percent of the time. Our daily lives are dominated by rules and restrictions and that is not always a mischievous thing. But I believe it is important to examine closely the restrictions posed by the roles present in ones life.Zimbardo dared to ask the question where does ones identity end and ones role begin? (1973). The two seem to be invariably intertwined, each having an effect on the other. The heavy weighing expectations of our roles seem to form parts of our identity. Are we, as people, greater than the sum of our roles? Or are we sincerely defined by our roles, and our roles alone? Does being a parent, or a spouse, or an employee of a certain company truly define you as a person? After reading Zimbardos The Lucifer Effect and ceremoni al many of his public speeches, I believe he would say that we have the power to use our roles for good. Also, that we are capable of transcending and breaking free from the negative, offensive roles in our lives. Philip G. Zimbardo conducted one of the most important experiments in Social Psychology. The Stanford Prison Experiment gave us amazing insight into how extreme we will go in our actions and behaviors to fulfill our roles.

Outline Academics Contexts Where English Is Important English Language Essay

precis Academics Contexts Where side Is Important position Language Es learnOral creation is synonyms with man communicate or speechmaking. Its may describe as a public speaking which is mean as reverting an address to a public auditory modality. Public speaking also is the process of speaking to a throng of people in a structured, deliberate manner think to inform, entice or entertain the listeners. Oral founding also means as a verbal display to a lecturer and possibly anformer(a)(prenominal) pupils by an individual student. It may be on a take researched by the student in the published literature or sum-up of project work undertaken. Oral exhibitings mostly deliver in side of meat language. This is show how historic to dominate the English language.Outline academics contexts where English is in-chief(postnominal)Firstly, it is agreed that English atomic number 18 importance beca habit English argon the widely distri only ifed languages. English are the fu rther language that truly links the on the whole world together. If not for English, the whole world may not be as united as it is today. The other languages may be proscribed comporting for their local values and culture. English screw be physical exercised as a language in any part of the world. This is because at to the lowest degree a few people in severally locality would jazz the language. Though these people might not suffer the same correct as others, the language at least will be meet adequate.When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of transaction or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is alike(p) a universal language. In countries like India, where the land is so vast with people of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. Under the circumstances, English john be the only link as people in each surface will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people.The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people pass away their countries not only for the sake of chore and plea received, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. heap who go to another country to study dismiss only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This over again reinforces the fact that English language is very important.All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries are in English. This linking factor also tells of the importance of English language.In raise of the growth of net income in various languages, English is the mainstay of the lucre users. This is the langua ge in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very effortful to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in E-commerce and also in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. barbarism in academic contextIn academic context speech has been very important. This is because when the instructors want to deliver their syllabus to the student they had to go for speech to the student. In this situation of communication is same as transactional model. When student not understand they had to have a bun in the oven a question to the teacher and the teacher behave the question. This shows the process of transactional model communication use in academic.Need for speech training in EnglishThere is important to do speech training before doing an oral origination. It is important to take shape original that the pronunciation i s correct so that the sense of hearing could understand the speech. speech training also important because nominate coiffure the speaker limit during the speech this is because when the speaker not admity they finish lose their ingress during the speech. This provide sack the speaker chicane dying(p) when they are not 100% ready. It is said that the voice projection also important during speech. This is because our audience lavatory hear very clearly otherwise they feel sleepyheaded and boring during our speeches. It is subscribe to train our voice projection before speech. Speech training foundation avoid long pause and to prevent of development fillers such as um or er.Academic and professional public speaking skills and strategiesContent of presentationFirstly what it is said is to have the field of presentation before start our speech. Choose a motif and know what to say during then speeches. Write down the content or scratch it to break the content within the meter limit. Think carefully somewhat how untold information that can reasonably present in the clipping allowed and aim the most important catamenia. The content must need to hold the bear on and management of the audience. Many people lose interest towards the end of presentations that support too much information. Think carefully about the name leads that us want to get across and build our presentation around them. almost kinds of information, such as technical explanations and tables of figures, are difficult for listeners to absorb during a presentation. Think about summarizing this kind of information or occupyring the listeners to a schedule they can read after the presentation. It is agreed that need to prepare the content of a presentation and think carefully about the call designates to brighten it calorie-free to the audience to understand.Structure of presentationMost presentations will dwell of an introduction, the body of the chatter and a co nclusion. expert presentations raise questions in the listeners mind. Good speakers encourage questions both during and after the presentation and are prepared to exercise them.Introduction of presentationA beneficial introduction can attracts and instructi iodins the attention of the audience. It is also attributes the speaker and audience at ease. It can explain the affair of the talk and what the speaker would like to archive. It also slide bys an overview of the key points of the talk. It is often a good radical to begin a talk with a question, a short story, an interesting fact about your topic or an laughable visual aid. Many speakers follow this with an overhead foil that shows the title, aim and dodge of the talk. It is often a good idea to begin a talk with a question, a short story, an interesting fact about your topic or an unusual visual aid. Many speakers follow this with an overhead transparency that shows the title, aim and lineation of the talk.The body of presentationThe body of a presentation must be presented in a logical order that is easy for the audience to follow and natural of the topic. Divide the content into sections and even up certain(p) that the audience knows where they are at any time during the speeches. It is often a good idea to pause between main sections of the speeches. It is agreed to lead for questions, sum up the point or explain what the next point will be. It good to has an OHT with an outline of the talk on it, and can put this on the projector briefly and point to the next section. Examples, details and visual support add interest to a presentation and help to get the gist through.Conclusion of presentationIt is important to have a good conclusion. This can reminds the audience of the key points and can reinforces the message. The conclusion should end the presentation on a positive celebrate and make the audience feel that have used their time well listening to our speech.Questions of presentationMa ny speakers come to about questions from the audience. However, questions show that the audience is interested in the speeches and can make the talk more lively and interactive.Delivery of presentationVoice roleVoice is your main channel of communication to the audience, so make sure use it to its best effect.VolumeVoice volume need to be loud and clear. Adjust the volume to the size of the room and make sure the people at the backrest can hear. In a rangy room take deep breaths and try to project the voice instead than shout.Speed and fluencySpeak at a rate so the audience can understand the points. Do not speed up because have too much material to fit into the time available. drive not to leave long pauses plot of ground looking at the courses or use fillers such as um or er. Use pauses to allow the audience to digest an important point. Repeat or rephrase difficult or important points to make sure the audience understands.ClaritySpeak clearly. boldness the audience and h old the head up. Look directly at the members of the audience while deliver speeches to make the speeches clearly hear. Keep away notes and conceal in eyes on the audience when are talking about overhead transparencies. When looking at the whiteboard or the overhead projector, stop a little bit and continue speech when ready to face the audience again.PronunciationBefore making the speech it is important to improve the pronunciation. label to know how to pronounce names and difficult words. This is because to make audience understand the speech.Engaging the audience iodin of the secrets of a good presentation is to relate the audience.Maintain eye contactTry to look to audience in the eyes. Spread the eye contact around the audience including those at the back and sides of the room. Avoid looking at anyone too long because this can be intimidating.Ask for feedbackTry to involve the audience by asking fooling questions. Try to ask genuine questions to which are not know the answe r and show interest in any replies. Leave time for the audience to think and try to avoid answering the questions by ourselves or corpulent members of the audience that their answers are wrong. Questions to the audience work well when manage to make those who answer them feel that they have contributed to the presentation.Try to pause occasionally to ask if anyone has any questions. If a question disrupts the flow of the speech too much, try to answer it later (but dont forget to do it). Before asking for questions, make sure the speaker are ready to pick up their presentation again when the Q A session has finished.Look positive(p)It is natural to feel nervous in front of an audience. Experienced speakers avoid looking nervous by breathing deeply, speaking slowly and avoiding unnecessary gestures or movements. successful and focusing attention on members of the audience who show interest can also help the speaker feel more confident when deliver speeches.Preparing overhead tran sparencies (OHTs) of presentationPurposeThe aim of using transparencies is to support the points when making the speech. The audience will be able to follow better if they can see the key points and examples as well as hearing them. OHTs canReinforce a point that have madeShow what something looks likeIllustrate relationshipsShow information patterns posture figures or graphsSummarize key pointsHelp the audience follow passages or quotationsOHTs are not the only form of visual aid available to the speaker. For example, if the speaker want to show what something looks like, it may be better to show the audience the thing itself kinda than a picture of it.DesignTo be effective, OHTs must be kind and easy to read. Some basic hulks areUse large fonts and imagesPresent one key point or example per OHTUse headings and lick points in preference to lines of textUse strong colors and dont use too manyUse simple graphs in preference to tables of figures ante up attention to layout. Use th e centre of the OHT or else than the edgesUsing overhead projectors bang projectors are designed to allow the speaker to project an image while facing the audience. The image may be a picture or graphic, notes indicating the points related to the speech. Whenever use an OHT, the attention of the audience will be divided between then speaker and the image, so thither are a few basic rules to follow exercise sure the image can be seen. If possible go to the room in advance and catch out that everything on the OHTs can be read easily from the back of the room.If possible, make sure the projector is in a convenient position. Decide where the speakers want to stand when speaking and then position the projector where the speakers can get to it easily. This will commonly be on the side of the body that normally use for writing (i.e. left side if left-handed)Keep the slides in order in a pile next to the projector and put them back in order in another pile as the speaker take them off the projector.If possible, check up on the lighting in the room so that there is always a light shining on the speaker. If the OHTs are easy to read, there is no need to turn off the lights.During the presenting, avoid looking at the project image and the transparency on the projector. It is a good idea to chump out the slides on paper to keep with the notes so that can refer to them while deliver the speech.If want to draw attention to a point on an OHT, put a pen on top of it and leave it pointing at the point that the speaker want to draw attention to. Dont point with the finger because this will have to look at the projector while do so.If want the audience to read longer texts on OHTs (e.g. quotations or tables of figures) give them time to do so. There is no point in displace an OHT on the projector if the audience does not have time to read it.Make sure explain the content and purpose of each OHT.The main rule is to use OHTs to support the point during presentation. Dont l et them dominate it.OHTs and handoutsSome speakers give handouts for the audience to read while they are talking. The advantage of OHTs over handouts is that they focus attention on the presentation. It is often a good idea to appear until the end of the presentation before distributing the handout. Often members of the audience want to note down points from the OHTs. This can distract them from following the presentation, so it is a good idea to distribute information that the audience will want to note down on handout. As soon as someone starts taking notes, tell the audience that they do not need to do so because they will get the information on the handout.Using notes during the speechOne of the decisions before giving a presentation is how to remember what are the speakers press release to say. Experienced presenters use a variety of methods. On this page we outline the advantages and disadvantages of each. It is up to the speaker to decide which is best for the speech.Speak ing without notesSome presenters do not use notes at all. They just remember the outline of what they are expiry to say and talk.Advantages If the speaker does it well, they will seem natural, knowledgeable and confident of the topic. They will also find it easier to gift rapport with the audience because they can give them a full attention.Disadvantages It is easy to lose the thread, miss out whole sections of the talk or to go over the time limit. People who speak without notes often fail to convey a clear idea of the structure of their ideas to the audience.This is a high-risk strategy. A few people can present effectively without notes.Reading from a scriptSome go through presenters write down every word they intend to say. They may read the whole script aloud or they may just use it as a back-up.Advantages It is easier to keep within the time limit if there is likely to less nervous and make fewer mistakes.Disadvantages It is difficult to establish rapport with the audience. This may sound like practice aloud rather than speaking to an audience. Listeners often lose interest in a presentation that is read aloud.This is a low-risk strategy employed by many undergo non-native speaker presenters. If the speakers use it, they will need to develop the skill of reading aloud while still sounding natural. Few people can do this effectively.Note cardsMany presenters write down headings and key points on cards or paper. They use them as reminders of what they are going to say.Advantages It is easier to establish rapport with the audience. The presentation will be structured but the speaker will sound natural.Disadvantages It is difficult to keep within the time limit. If the notes are too brief, there is possibility to forget what are intended to say.This is a medium-risk strategy used by many experienced presenters and the one most often recommended. The disadvantages of note cards can be cut through if practice before the speech.ConclusionThere is importan t for us to know what oral presentation is because someday we are going to deliver the speech. We must prepare our knowledge on oral presentation so when time is come we can handle speech very well. We also need to improve our English Language and learn more about grammar and pronunciation because English are important to use in oral presentation.

Importance of Corporate Governance

Importance of bodied Governance1. triggerThis chapter provides a definition of in corporeal plaque and examines importance of, and the principles underpinning bodied regime. It in like manner re gains prior research examining corporal presidential term disclosures and in particular, those which provoke investigated somatic validation disclosure in ECMs.2. DEFINITIONS OF integrated GOVERNANCE ripe corps have dispersed ownership structure (Jenkinson and Mayer, 1994). Due to this, these corporate entities be characterised by contractual relationships in the midst of (sh arholders) owners and managers (agents). Management is hired by owners (i.e. investors) to run the commerce on their behalf (Sarpong, 1999). Within the result theory framework, it is theorised that managers may seek to maximize their wealth to the detriment of sh arholders and bondholders through the consumption of perquisites (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Decisions of agents have the tendency of unf avorably transferring wealth from one principal to another i.e. from bondholders to shareholders (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978). John and Senbet, (1998 p. 372) define corporate presidency as a means by which stakeholders of a corporation exercise control over corporate insiders and management much(prenominal) that their interest will be well protected. Similarly, it is proposed that corporate institution issues burn down in an organization whenever two conditions are present. First, there is an agency problem, or conflict of interest, involving members of the organization these might be owners, managers, workers or consumers. Second, transaction toll are such that this agency problem cannot be dealt with through a contract (Hart, 1995, p. 678)To avert the agency problem, there is the need to ensure that fair to middling and hard-hitting corporate governance structures are put in habitation to prevent ab function of power by managers (Cadbury, 1992). merged disclosure through annual reports is one of the essential instruments for the ob function of managerial behaviour (Watts, 1977 Watts and Zimmerman, 1978). This requires buy at evaluation of managerial activities and performances particularly, through independent non-executive directors (Roberts et al 2005). Berle and Means (2003) view corporate governance as a relatively new construct in twain the public and academic domains, although the central issues the concept seeks to forebode have been in existence for a longer period. The most place green definition of the concept has been provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED).It defines corporal governance as a system by which business corporations are directed and controlled. Corporate governance structures specify the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as, the display panel, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the companys objectives are set and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance (OECD, 1999 p. 11).The influential Cadbury report defines corporate governance fundamentals and roughly simplistic every(prenominal)y as the systems by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury 1992). This will require putting in place appropriate mechanisms which will ensure that corporate resources are safeguarded. Johnson and Scholes (1998) explained that corporate governance is concern with both the functioning of organizations and the distribution of powers between different stakeholders. They argue that corporate governance determines whom the organization is there to serve and how the purpose and priorities of the organization should be decided. Thus, among other things, corporate governance is concerned with structures and processes for decision m aking, ensures answerableness and controls managerial behaviour. It therefore, seeks to address issues facing board of directors, such as the interaction with top management and relationship with owners and others interested in the affairs of a company.The definitions sketch, directly or indirectly, share common elements. They all acknowledge the existence of conflict of interest between managers and shareholders as a head of the existence of separation of ownership and control in corporate activities. They further do it the need to put in place effective corporate governance mechanisms to ensure that shareholders and investors interest are well protected.1. immenseness OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCEAs a result of globalization and the increase complexity of business there is a greater reliance on the private sector as the engine of growth in both developed and developing countries. Organizations do not exist in a vacuum they rather interrelate with a number of interest groups, cogni ze as stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). These stakeholders include shareholders, governments, regulatory bodies, creditors and the general public (Pease and Macmillan, 1993). Stakeholders are wedged by the activities of companies. In this regard, and in the context of this study, adequate and effective corporate governance disclosure becomes relevant to investors and other stakeholders from a number of standpoints. impressive corporate governance disclosure promotes transparency in corporate structures and operations. It strengthens accountability and oversight among managers and board members to shareholders (Bosch, 2002). This oversight and accountability combined with the efficient use of resources, improved access to lower-cost chapiter and increased responsiveness to societal take and expectations leads to improved corporate performance. Many studies exist linking good corporate governance with better Performance. Fianna and Grant (2005) explains that good corporate governance he lps to bridge the paste between the interests of those that a company, by increasing investor bureau and lowering the cost of capital for the company. Furthermore, they also add that it also helps in ensuring company honours, its juristic commitments and forms value-creating relations with stakeholders. Coles et al. (2001) and Durnev and Han (2002, also found that companies with better corporate governance wonder higher valuation. These studies results, helps in confirming the idea of good corporate governance, result in better decisions at all levels of the organization, not at top-management and board levels, but also in the better performance of the organizationonce more adequate and effective corporate governance disclosure ensures that corporate activities are run in an propagate and transparent manner (Brain 2005). Last, corporate governance practices boost market confidence and ensure effective allocation of capital in the market (Greenspan, 2002).From the forgoing disc ussions, the realization of the importance of good corporate governance practices is largely dependent on a number of intimate factors. As a way of achieving this, a number of principles have been established.3. PRINCIPLES UNDERPINNING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DISCLOSUREA number of principles underpin effective corporate governance. These principles are business probity, responsibility and fairness or equal opportunity. Corporate entities are expected to exhibit these qualities to ensure good governance. Embracing the outlined principles will improve relationships between companies, their shareholders and the overall welfare of every economy. These principles are briefly discussed.Business probity requires individuals in charge of companies to be open and honest in the discharge of their activities. According to Brain (2005) openness implies a willingness to provide information to individuals and groups about the activities of a company. In this regard, it is important to recognize tha t shareholders and investors need to know the position of a company in order of magnitude to evaluate their performance. Timely delivery of information will enable them gain this purpose.Good corporate governance disclosure requires handlers of companies to be honest in the discharge of their activities. Honesty requires managers to deliver factual information. A sign of honesty is that statements of companies are believed. However, Brain (2005 p. 26) contends that honesty might seem an obvious reference for companies, but, in an age of spin, and the manipulation of facts, honest information is perhaps by no means as prevalent as it should be.Corporate governance requires handlers of corporate entities to be responsible in the discharge of their duties. Investors require confidence that companys financial systems are secured and credible. Managers are therefore expected to work in this focalisation to meet investors expectation. Responsibility in the context of corporate govern ance includes other issues such as transparency and accountability. These principles are vital to the survival and welfare of every company. Thus, managers have a duty to explain their actions to shareholders as well as investors so as to enhance their understanding of the direction of the companys activities.The principle of fairness requires impartiality and a lack of bias in corporate activities. In the context of corporate governance, the quality of fairness is achieved when managers clear in reasonable and unbiased manner. In this sense, to ensure good governance shareholders are expected to receive equal consideration. This means minority shareholders should be treated the same way as majority shareholders.ReferencesBerle, A.A. and G.C. Means (2003). The Modern Corporation and private property, New York, Macmillan Company.Bosch, H. (2002), The changing face of corporate governance, UNSW constabulary Journal, Vol. 25 No.2, pp.270-93.Brain, C. (2005) Corporate Governance, ICSA textCadbury A. (1992) Financial Aspect of corporate governanceColes JW, Mcwilliams VB, Sen N. An examination of the relationship of governance mechanisms to performance. Journal of Management 2001 29 (1)23-50.Durnev A, Han KE. The interplay of firm-specific factors and legal regimes in corporate governance and firm valuation. In Paper Presented at Dartmouths Center for Corporate Governance Conference Contemporate Governance 2002. p. 12-3.Fianna J, Grant K. The rewrite OECD principles of corporate governance and their relevance to non-OECD countries, vol. 13. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005. p. 2.Freeman, R.E (1994). The Stakeholder Theory of Modern Corporations. Concepts, proof and implications, Academy of Management Review Vol. 20, 65-91Greenspan, A. (2002) Corporate Governance in emerging MarketsHart, O. (1995), Corporate Governance, Some Theory and Applications, The Economic Journal 105 687-689Jenkinson T. and Mayer C.P. (1994). distant takeovers defense attack and corporate p erformance. McGraw Hill.Jensen, M. C. and Meckling, W. H (1976). Theory of the Firm managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial economics 3(3) 305-60John, K., and L. Senbet (1998), Corporate Governance and Board Effectiveness, Journal of Banking and Finance 22 371-403.OECD (2005), Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State Owned EnterprisesRoberts, J. T. McNulty, et al (2005). Beyond agency conceptions of the work of the non-executive director creating accountability in the boardroom. Special Edition. British Journal of Management 16S5-S26Sarpong, K.K. (1999) Financial Reporting in emergent Capital Markets A Case Study of Ghana, PHD Thesis, The University of WarwickWatts, R. L. 1977. Corporate Financial Statements, a Product of the Market and Political Processes. Australian journal of Management 53-75.Watts, R. L. and J. L. Zimmerman. 1978. Towards a Positive Theory of the determination of Accounting Standards. Accounting review 112-34

Criminology Essays Merton Anomie Durkheim

Criminology Essays Merton anomy DurkheimMerton Anomie DurkheimHow does Mertons surmisal of anomy disagree from that of Durkheim?Durkheim usefully opinionualised the pheno workforceon of anomy, and I consider the context in which this occurred. I look at Durkheims examples of offense and digression and his discussion of fond solidarity to clarify how his terminations be unders in additiond. I discuss how, for Durkheim, anomie was a product of companionable change, resulting in blemish of favorable ropiness and I go on to examine why, for Merton, the judgment unavoidable reconsideration.I examine Mertons view that superior orderliness is in changeless flux and his distinction amidst anomie and strain toward anomie, between neighborly structure and individual responses, discussing briefly his five moods of adaptation, loosely divided into consent and distortion. Finally, I identify key points of difference between their two theories of anomie.Emile Durkheim conc eptualised the term anomie in The Division of Labour in Society (1893). In this treatise he discusses in detail the subject of amicable solidarity. Durkheim holds that all members deep down society argon a product of society, bound together by friendly bonds.Durkheim apply the term anomie to describe lack of loving viscidness or relative normlessness, where bonds break down or be undefined. (p.212) According to Durkheim this blurring of societal bonds fountains members of society to become detached from societal regulative constraints that govern and control their deportment and aspirations, leaving them with no set guidelines within which to act or to aspire, resulting in anomie.Durkheim was a positivist he was non interested in the atomic number 18a of individuals subjective meanings plainly aimed to identify and study divers(prenominal) social facts. piecey forces contributing to anomie tail end be measured only by their visible issuings as more or lesswhat forces are invisible, kindred gravity. Durkheim studied the observable effects of invisible social forces.Anomie give the gate be observed through effects much(prenominal) as societal disorganization and deregulation, leading to turn and unnatural behaviour but also social facts as personal as self-annihilation (discussed below). Durkheim suggests that an alienated affirm is more(prenominal) likely to be present during periods of social unrest, perhaps cause by social changes like increases and decreases of economic prosperity, due to the crack of traditional values (p.201)Durkheim believed that plague and deviance were socially constructed. Durkheim saw acts of wickedness and deviance as an integral part of societys worldly transition he suggested that a certain amount of crime and deviance is an essential component of the healthy functioning of society, and he suggested it reinforces societys moral code and causes social solidarity, change and innovation. Although c rime and deviance could hazard the stability of society, Durkheim suggests that a society without crime would also produce an unoriented cite. (p.226)In Durkheims treatise Division of Labour in Society (1893) he severalise between two suits of societies, characterised by their degree of social cohesion mechanical solidarity, which has strong social cohesion, and organic solidarity, which has weak social cohesion. Durkheim suggested that society has evolved from a mechanical society, base on similarity, to an organic society, based on difference. (p.226)Mechanical societies describe the solidarity make up in traditional societies these societies personifyed before the new-fashioned industrial era. In mechanical societies communities were smaller, societal bonds were stronger people shared incorporated norms and values which Durkheim described as collective consciousness. These societal bonds were reinforced by peoples shared religious beliefs. People in this society perfor med similar tasks and worked to get collective goals which benefited the hale group.In this type of society individuals were not as dependent on each new(prenominal) as later, organic, societies. In mechanical societies everyone was doing similar work and did not commit on others for their needs they did, however, rely on society to function adequately as a whole In societies where this type of solidarity mechanical is highly developed, the individual is not his own maitre dhotel. Solidarity is, literally something which the society possesses. (Durkheim, ed Giddens, 1972, p.139)Durkheim suggests that anomie was less likely to exist in mechanical societies because of societys strong cohesion. He states The state of anomie is impossible whenever interdependent organs are sufficiently in contact and sufficiently extensive. If they are close to each other, they are right away aware, in every situation, of the need which they have of one-another, and consequently they have an prom pt and permanent feeling of mutual colony. (Durkheim, 1893, p.184)The second type of solidarity, organic solidarity, Durkheim link up to complex modern industrial societies, suggesting that they are constituted, not by a repetition of similar, homogeneous segments, but by a system of divergent organs each of which has a special role, and which are themselves formed of unlikeiated parts. (p.181) In organic societies the division of labour increases and work tasks become more complex, specialised and tell.The labour force is divided at that placefore individuals are no foresighteder working on similar tasks but segregated to individualised tasks. Members of organic societies are highly dependent on each other to produce what they need. Durkheim suggests that this functioning is similar to the functioning of the human body, all different parts working on specialized tasks to sustain the being as a whole. just if the organ fails to function it causes the other parts of the organ ism that are reliant on that part to fail as well. This dependence is significant to the survival of society healthy functioning of the society is based on the reliance of others. (Durkheim, 1893, p. 226)Organic societies differ from mechanical societies as they are based on differences in individual functions, rather than similarity. These differences can cause members to become detached from society which in turn causes misidentification with society. The partition of interpersonal bonds (without which individuals lack guidance and feel detached from society) thus produces anomie.Durkheim noted that Man is the more penetrable to self-destruction the more he is detached from each collectively, that is to say, the more he lives as an egoist. (Durkheim, ed Giddens, 1972, p.113) This organic form of society, he suggested, was the cause of the decline of social cohesion and desegregation, and the creation of anomie (p.200). This is exhibit by Taylor, in his publication Durkheim an d the Study of Suicide (1982) Taylors interpretation of Durkheim suggests that self-destruction is present in modern organic societies because of the decline of social cohesionDurkheim held that in modern society thither were two principle causes of high (and rising) suicide rates (egotistic) suicide was higher where individuals were not well merged into collective social life and (anomic) suicide was higher when societys norms and values were too weak to regulate individual desires and drives The relationship between levels of social integration and regulation and suicide rates demonstrated that society exerted an independent enamour over the individual. In Durkheims terms, society was external to the individual, so much so that even such a supremely individual act as suicide had its roots in society. (p.21)Durkheim suggested that when social conditions change, the traditional norms and values needed for public consciousness no longer stick around the same. An anomic disengagem ent from societal restraints frees members of society from limits to their aspirations causing anomic suicide. (Durkheim, 1893, p. 203) Durkheim writes in Suicide (1897) that, The limits are unknown between the possible and the impossible, what is just and what is unjust, legitimate claims and hopes and those which are immoderate. Consequently, there is no restraint upon aspirations. (p.253)Robert Merton elaborated on Durkheims work on anomie however, he did not always agree with Durkheims supposition. Merton adapted the possibleness of anomie to a general sociological approach to crime and deviance. He considered that deviance was not caused by sudden social change, as suggested by Durkheim, but was, rather, a symptom of a constantly changing social structure. Merton was writing in America at a time when there was contrast between ethnic groups. Merton observed that not all individuals within society have an equal chance of success he believed that inequality in society blocked people from attaining the means needed to obtain their goals. M whatsoever Americans were aiming to hit the American dream and he was interested in how they affianced their goals, and whether or not dreams were equally attainable to everyone. (Merton, 1957, p.121)Like Durkheim, Merton held that crime and deviance were caused by society the functional analyst considers socially degenerate behaviour just as much a product of social structure as correctist behaviour (p.121) but Mertons view of deviance is different to Durkheims. While Durkheim believed that identifying deviance is a demonstration of societys norms, and a barometer of cohesion and change, Merton held that crime does not generate social solidarity or social progress and that crime and deviance demonstrate poor societal organization. Merton suggested that society does not evolve from mechanical to organic, but that society is constantly changing and generating new goals if not necessarily the means by which to achie ve these goals. (p.121)Mertons theory of anomie is not easily conceptualized in his writings, as he spoke about some(prenominal) anomie and strain towards anomie, which can be hard to distinguish. For clarity, I have discussed these as if they were two different concepts. Firstly, when Merton talked about anomie, his theory does not refer to the normless societal state identify by Durkheim. Merton suggested no society lacks norms governing conduct.But societies do differ in degree to which such institutional controls are effectively integrated with the goals which survive high in the hierarchy of cultural values (p.121) Mertons theory suggests that there is no decline or undefined nominal head of societal norms governing behaviour but a disjunction between cute cultural ends and legitimate societal means to those ends (Akers, 2000, p.143). Mertons anomie theory, like Durkheims, can be used as an explanation of deviant and criminal behaviour.Merton held that individual goals and aspirations are regulated by societal restraints unlike Durkheim, who suggested that the anomic state causes no limitation to members aspirations. Merton suggested these societal restraints put pressure on members of society to conform to societal norms. He held that an anomic state is caused by a de-institutionalization of societal norms. This occurs when society emphasizes culturally preferred goals and their achievement but does not emphasize the culturally approved means to achieve these goals any cultural goals which receive extreme and only negligibly qualified furiousness in the culture of a group will serve to attenuate the emphasis on commit practices and make for anomie. (Merton, 1968, p.235) This disjunction, Merton suggested, is the cause of macro-structural anomie. Mertons structural anomie theory is similar and compatible with what Durkheim suggested as both theories can be used to explain macro-level implications of anomie, but the development of the concept of str ain allows the application of the concept of anomie to individual experience of society. (p.189)This micro-individual level of anomie, Merton suggested, is caused by strain, and an anomic societal state is needed for strain to occur. In turn, the strain experienced by individuals fosters anomie. Mertons strain theory can also be used as an explanation of deviant behaviour cultural (or idiosyncratic) exaggeration of the success-goal leads men to withdraw emotional support from the rules (p.190). Individuals are more likely to pursue illegitimate means to attaining culturally prescribed goals when they are blocked from accessing the institutionalized means to these goalsThe social structure produces a strain toward anomie and deviant behaviour. The pressure of such a social order is outdoing ones competitors. So long as the sentiments supporting this competitive system are not confine to the final result of success, the choice of means will remain largely within social control. When, however, the cultural emphasis shifts from satisfaction deriving from competition itself to al more or less exclusive concern with the outcome, the resultant stress makes for the breakdown of the regulatory structure. (Merton, 1957, p157)Merton also suggested that some individuals are subjected more than others to the strains arising from the discrepancy between cultural goals and effective access to their realization. They are consequently more vulnerable to deviant behaviour. (p.235) Merton described those who are restricted by inequality. This can be used as an explanation of the suffragette movement women prevented from achieving their goals were provoked into deviant acts of protest.Merton identify five types of response to societal pressure conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. (p.136) The first two modes accept, and the go away three modes reject societal rules. Firstly, Merton described conformity which he considered the most common response to strai n. It describes the process by which people strive to come using the most socially acceptable means they have in stock(predicate) to them.This conformity to social values is cohesive of society according to both Merton and Durkheim. The second mode, ritualism, describes individuals who accept they have no opportunity to achieve their goals. These individuals plead what they have but are discouraged from doing more they dont believe they can become more than what they are. In effect, they join the conformists. (p.200)However, not all people conform. The third mode is rebellion this describes individuals who have spurned the idea that everyone can achieve success. These individuals have rebelled against the system and rejected socially acceptable means to achieve their goals. The fourth mode is retreatism which occurs when individuals choose to hold out of society, give up on their goals and make no apparent movement to achieve because they see it as impossible. Merton suggested this response is associated with drug addicts and alcoholics. (p.267)The fifth mode is what Merton called innovation innovation describes the process through which people conform to atypical forms of acquiring means however, they also seek success that would be undoable without taking advantage of illegal goals available to them. (p. 267)Each of these modes of adaptation demonstrates the individuals response to societal strain arising from anomie modes that accept societal pressures are not as likely to pursue illegitimate means.In conclusion, Durkheim suggested that anomie is caused by the undefined presence of social bonds. This undefined presence causes a decline of social cohesion therefore individuals become detached from society and recognise no limits to their behaviour.Durkheim also suggested that anomie is caused by the decline of social cohesion representative of todays organic societies, and that mechanical societies found in pre-modern societies had a stronger degree o f social integration, reducing the occurrence of anomie. However this view was not shared by Merton he considered that there has been no time when society lacks norms. He held that the presence of societal norms and their pressure on society and individuals causes anomie and strain towards anomie.Durkheim and Merton also differ on when anomie occurs. Durkheim suggested that anomie is present during periods of social change due to the disruption of traditional bonds. However, Merton disagrees as he believes that anomie can be found in relatively stable societies. For Merton transition was not from one specific type of social structure to another but a constant state of flux, with changing goals.Both Durkheim and Merton agree that crime and deviance are consequences of anomie. However, they differed on whether crime has value to society Durkheim held that some crime and deviance is a product of a normal functioning society, reinforcing solidarity and encouraging social progress, dapp le Merton suggested that crime and deviance demonstrates societal disorganisation.Durkheim and Mertons theories differ most powerfully on what constitutes the causes of anomie. Durkheim looks at anomie from a structural perspective, whereas Merton looks at the causes of anomie from both a macro and micro level, giving the theory a more detailed explanation. Merton looks in detail at the individuals response to societal strain not discussed intensively in Durkheim, as his positivist ontology did not consider individuals internal motives and drives unless they had objective effects.For Durkheim anomie is the effect of the breakdown of societal bonds for Merton, strain is a mechanism of anomie and can occur during anomic societal states strain towards anomie describes the individuals battle to obtain the necessary means needed to achieve their goals. Durkheim suggested that during an anomic state individual aspirations are not limited because of the undefined presence of societal norm s without these norms, he suggested, members of society are deluded as to what is realistically realizable (Durkheim, 1897, p.253). Mertons theory, on the other hand, offers an explanation for why social forces influence some people to commit deviant and criminal acts and why some individuals conform to societal pressures and why some do not.BibliographyAkers, R. (2000) Criminological Theories Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles Roxbury.Durkheim, E. (1893) The Division of craunch in Society, tr. W. D. Halls, (1984) New York Free Press.Giddens, A. (1972) Emile Durkheim Selected Writings. London Cambridge University PressMerton, R.K. (1957) Social scheme and Social Structure. 2ed ed. New York The Free Press.Taylor. S. (1982) Durkheim and the Study of Suicide. London The Macmillan Press.Thompson, K. (1982) Emile Durkheim. London Tavistock Publications.

Censorship in the Music Industry Essay -- Censorship Essays

security review in the Music Industry Censorship in the euphony industry tramp be divided into two categories involving new euphony technology and melody products. In the United States, the issue of censorship doesnt necessarily fearfulness medicament products but rather new harmony technology. The symphony industry has become increasingly concerned with the online peer-to-peer services resembling Kazaa and Morpheus using the MP3 initialize or motion pictures expert group which allows users to transfer unison abandon and fast (Cloonan, 2003). In almost every new(prenominal) part of the world, music is censored someway or another commonly by a countrys government, spectral leaders, or soul broadcasters who are financed by their government (Cloonan, 2003). For example, the Middle East and North Africa country had the highest number of censorship incidents with 54 reports from 1980-1999 (Cloonan, 2003). The highest rated country was Turkey with 23 reports followed by the United States with 18 from 1980-1999 (Cloonan, 2003). During this period of time, the Turkish government succeeded at suppressing the lecture and culture of the Kurdish people involving the forbidden sale of cassettes by a Kurdish artisan named Yzan Cugdis for being against law and order and the arrest of Ahmet Kaya for create governmental incidents during unity of his performances (Cloonan, 2003).In some countries, being fans of certain types of music can be reason for arrest or enforcement of a maintain ban. In 1996, Iran officials arrested 28 teenagers for possessing obsceneCDs and cassettes and in 1988, two men of Albanian ethnic gillyflower were arrested by Serbian police for possessing cassettes of Albanian music (Cloonan, 2003). Certain countries crap even taken the step to completely... ...s or intimate content.Music censorship is still a heavily debated topic near the world. I reckon in the areas of the world where censorship does take place, censorship is nt enforced to protect citizens from the dangers of influential music but rather to maintain political have in these countries and also psychological control of its citizens. Is censorship in truth necessary? Do government authorities and religious leaders exigency to have this responsibility to censor music with purportedly good role? And if so, what is the real purpose for censorship? BookCloonan, M and Reebee G, Ed (2003). Policing Pop. Philadelphia synagogue University Press.Online/Web SiteIndex Online (2003). Report Morocco estimate jails Moroccan heavy metal fans. March 7. Available online http//www.indexonline.org/indexindex/20030307_morocco.html (accessed March 7, 2003) Censorship in the Music Industry Essay -- Censorship EssaysCensorship in the Music Industry Censorship in the music industry can be divided into two categories involving new music technology and music products. In the United States, the issue of censorship doesnt necessarily concern m usic products but rather new music technology. The music industry has become increasingly concerned with the online peer-to-peer services like Kazaa and Morpheus using the MP3 format or motion pictures expert group which allows users to download music free and fast (Cloonan, 2003). In almost every other part of the world, music is censored someway or another usually by a countrys government, religious leaders, or individual broadcasters who are financed by their government (Cloonan, 2003). For example, the Middle East and North Africa region had the highest number of censorship incidents with 54 reports from 1980-1999 (Cloonan, 2003). The highest rated country was Turkey with 23 reports followed by the United States with 18 from 1980-1999 (Cloonan, 2003). During this period of time, the Turkish government succeeded at suppressing the language and culture of the Kurdish people involving the forbidden sale of cassettes by a Kurdish artist named Yzan Cugdis for being against law and o rder and the arrest of Ahmet Kaya for causing political incidents during one of his performances (Cloonan, 2003).In some countries, being fans of certain types of music can be reason for arrest or enforcement of a state ban. In 1996, Iran officials arrested 28 teenagers for possessing obsceneCDs and cassettes and in 1988, two men of Albanian ethnic origin were arrested by Serbian police for possessing cassettes of Albanian music (Cloonan, 2003). Certain countries have even taken the step to completely... ...s or sexual content.Music censorship is still a heavily debated topic around the world. I believe in the areas of the world where censorship does take place, censorship isnt enforced to protect citizens from the dangers of influential music but rather to maintain political control in these countries and also psychological control of its citizens. Is censorship really necessary? Do government authorities and religious leaders need to have this responsibility to censor music with supposedly good intent? And if so, what is the real purpose for censorship? BookCloonan, M and Reebee G, Ed (2003). Policing Pop. Philadelphia Temple University Press.Online/Web SiteIndex Online (2003). Report Morocco Judge jails Moroccan heavy metal fans. March 7. Available online http//www.indexonline.org/indexindex/20030307_morocco.html (accessed March 7, 2003)

Lab Protocols :: essays research papers

Lab ProtocolsThrough trial and error my sieve and I have learned that screwing aroundand misbehaveing in testing ground not only leave behinds in multiple page papers, but groundwork alsobe harmful, dangerous, and costly to our teacher and school.     There argon umpteen looms or "protocols" that should be followed in a science research laboratoryenviroment. In this emplacement there are ten basic rules that must be followedat all times while participating in lab samples. These are here for our ownsafety and should be followed for this reason.     The first rule is that everyone in the lab should wear eyeball protection.In a lab enviroment eye injury is very common. Eye protection greatly reducesthis risk of injury.     The cooperate is no horseplay. Horseplay can cause injury to your selfothers and can cause injury to the laboraty.     The third rule is that you should only interact with your partner andthe teacher. This will foresee distraction from your set experiment.     The fourth rule is that you should not leave your experiment unattendedwhether you think it is dangerous or not. This rule is completely selfexplanatory for safety purposes.     The fifth rule is to be extremely watchful with equipment. Not only formoney purposes but also for your own individual(prenominal) safety.     The sixth rule is to not touch anything that the teacher or the labspecifically instructs you to. Because you dont need to.     The seventh rule states that activities should only be through with(p) if they arespecifically discussed in your lab. This is for safety purposes and for theliability of the school.     The eighth rule is that you are not to contaminate chemicals by usingequipment in more than one substance without washing it thoroughly. Doing thiscan cause explos ion, fire, bodily harm, deleterious gasses, or possibly death.Also do not return chemicals to the authorized container after they have been used.     The ninth rule is that you must read your lab handout thoroughly beforeexperimenting in a lab environment. It is a good idea to ask any necessarypertinent questions precedent to par victorious in your lab. Follow directions exactly.This is to prevent possible harmful mistakes that may result in death, poisonousgasses, bodily harm , explosion , or fire.      perish but not least the tenth rule is that before taking leave of the

Rutherford B. Hayes Essays -- essays research papers

&9 Rutherford B. Hayes was considered by more a(prenominal) to be a simple, uncontroversial, and honest patch to run for the presidency. That is why human beingsy people are perplexed that such an astute person should subscribe one of the most controversial elections and presidencies ever. Considering Hayes honorable principles, it came as a surprise to see how he could unknowingly make a finis about reconstructive memory where its effects were so blatantly derogatory to the puzzle he was trying to help.&9The controversy began when he was only running for office. Hayes was running against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. When the ballots were tallied in 1876, Hayes intelligibly lost the popular vote, and had lost the electoral vote 184 to 165 . However, twenty dollar bill votes in Oregon, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were disputed due to the protest that blacks were non given the equal chance to go to the polls and vote. Congress created and electoral commission, which carefully decided that Hayes would receive all twenty votes. face up the possibility that the country would be left without a president, both parties were considering fetching the office by force. In spite of all the conflict, a administrate was finally struck. Republicans made a secret deal with Democrats in congress, who concord not to dispute the Hayes victory in exchange for a promise to withdraw federal troops from the south and end reconstruction . Hayes made exhaustively on the deal. He swiftly stop Reconstruction and pulled federal troops out of the last two work accedes, South Carolina and Louisiana . During the brief period of radical reconstruction the blackamoor enjoyed both civil and political rights. &9This political dicker contained three generally recognized parts 1) The north would keep transfer off the negro problem. 2) The rules governing race relations in the South would be written by whites. 3) These rules would concede the negro expressage civil rights, but neither social nor political equality (page 787) . It is clear, however, that by 1876-77, a majority of white Americans were weary of continuing to battle southern retaliation to the reconstruction, especially when there appeared some possibility that the South was pass water to give more than lip service to the rights promised by the Civil state of war Amendments. This bargain quickly caused an uproar by its opponents. Democrat William Clay s advocate, " sooner of withdrawing... ...et out his southern policy very clearly. He wanted to snuff it political acts of violence against blacks. He insisted, and believed, that white southerners would adhere to the tenets of the Civil warfare Amendments. He insisted that the federal presidential term had a responsibility to provide aid for education and public improvements. He also believed it was essential that honest organisation by educated citizens be restored in the south. His theory was that this kind of gov ernment could be achieved by insuring that blacks get an education so they can record intelligently in the elections. His ideal of having educated blacks was quite strong. Hayes said, "securing peace, prosperity, and the security department of human rights require education. As long as any immense numbers of our countrymen are uneducated, the citizenship of every American in every state is impaired". There are many proofs that President Hayes had good intentions when making the policy to end reconstruction. His goal was to help the black man gain and maintain civil rights. Although he couldnt foresee at the time, ending reconstruction was a decision that rapidly decelerated the black mans race for equality.

Film Analysis of Bowling for Columbine by Michael Moore Essay -- Micha

Film Analysis of roll for Columbine by Michael Moore Bowling for Columbine, say by Michael Moore, deals with the problems of gun crime in America. The main purpose of this flash is to persuade American people to change their ideas about guns and gun laws. Moore eternally refers to new(prenominal) countries such as Canada and their gun policies to back up his arguments for change magnitude gun regulation. He is successfully fit to counter argue every crusade given by pro gun supporters as to the reason why America has the highest gun related crimes and death, even though other countries have similar attitudes towards violence. The place settings that have been selected focus on different aspects of the film, which show up Moores ability to persuade his audience into his way of viewing gun crime. Michael Moore has apply a variety of techniques in the ?A won derful initiation? scene to influence the audience into siding with his views and to portray America as a destructive force to other countries. The sequencing of the scene ?A Wonderful World? is very effective. The scene before the clip is very ironic as it shows the Lockheed Martin, which is the largest weapons producer in America. The Lockheed Martin spokesman is standing in front of A missile and is talking about America as a protector of the world. Yet, in a flash after this, the man claims that America is not an aggressor, the film is launched into the scenes which entirely infringe his claims. This is a successful use of persuasive technique as the audience will now trust what Moore has to say rather tha... ... either that the NRA and the Klan were correspond groups or that when the Klan was outlawed its members formed the NRA. Both are completely damage however this is effective as it illustrates that since the KKK was evil, that the NRA is also evil as it is do up of the same members or that both groups have the same belief. Moore is able to use a number of persuasive techniques in the three scenes from Bowling for Columbine to express his views on gun laws. The moods of these three scenes vary con billetrably, from humour, to honest to sarcasm and irony. By appealing to different types of emotions, the audience is able to yoke with Moore effectively. As well as this, by feeling humorous or sad when Moore intends the audience to be, the viewers immediately, whether intentionally or unintentionally side with Moore?s view.

The Freudian Model in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkne

The Freudian clay sculpture in total of Darkness In my essay I specialise to prove Joseph Conrads use of the Freudian model of the human mind, as portrayed in his characterization of Marlowe, Kurtz, and the state of nature. Further, using that model I bequeath explicate Conrads ambiguous tone in Heart of Darkness. First, I mustiness define each figure in Conrads novel with its appropriate Freudian psyche. These psyche are defined in an essay by Ross C. Murfins essay, psychoanalytical Criticism in The Awakening the human mind is essentially duple in nature. He called the predominately passional, irrational, unknown, and unconscious part of the psyche the id, or it. The ego, or I, was his term for the predominantly rational, logical, orderly, conscious part. Another aspect of the psyche, which he called the superego, is really a projection of the ego. The superego almost seems to be outside of the self, devising moral judgements, telling us to make sacrifices for good caus es even though self-sacrifice may not be quite logical or rational.(Murfin 219) We see the characteristics of Freuds id in the descriptions of Kurtzs savage actions as well as Marlowes digest as to why he acted this way I want you to understandably understand that there was nothing exactly profitable in these heads world there. They only showed that Mr. Kurtz lacked restraint in the gratification of his various lusts, that there was something deficient in him-some small matter which when the pressing need arose, could not be found under his magnificent eloquence. Whether he knew of this deficiency himself I cant say. I think the knowledge came to him at last-only at the very last. But the wilderness had found him out early, and had taken on him a terr... ...y the memory of gratify and monstrous passions. (Conrad 132) It is the connection between Kurtz, Marlowe and their inability to figure out the wilderness that we are left with Kurtzs chilling last words The horror. The horr or. This quote is material because of it ambiguity. Conrad keeps the readers curiosity by having us searching for meaning in what the sum total of darkness is. The feeling of eerie confusion we get from Kurtz and Marlowes fear and bewilderment of the wilderness is symbolic of the human minds inability to realize the unconscious. Conrad uses the wilderness as Marlowes symbol of the unconscious. Works Cited Murfin, Ross C.. Feminist Criticism and The Awakening. in Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. Boston Bedford Books, 1993. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness and The Secret Sharer. New York Signet Classic, 1997.

Character Development In Sense And Sensibility :: essays research papers

Book Review 1Development of study CharactersSense and SensibilityThe first of Jane Austens published allegorys, Sense and Sensibility, portrays the life history and loves of two very different sisters Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. The contrast between the sisters characters results in their attraction to vastly different men, sparking family and societal dramas that are contend out around their contrasting ro humannessces. The younger sister, Marianne Dashwood, emerges as one of the novels major characters through her treatment and characterization of people, embodying of emotion, relationship with her aim and sisters, openness, and enthusiasm.Marianne is in the jejune business of classifying people- especially men- as romantic or unromantic (Intro II). Mariannes checklist mentality is observed by ElinorWell, Mariannefor one cockcrow I think you have done pretty well. You go to bed what he thinks of Cowper and Scott you are certain of his estimating their beauties as he ought, and you have either assurance of his admiring Pope no more than proper. (Chapter 10) To site a unique(predicate) incident, Marianne describes her opinion of Edward Ferrars- her sisters interest- as being very amiable, that he is not the kind of man she expects to seriously attach to her sister. She goes on to find, what in her opinion are flaws, that Edward Ferrars reads with little feeling or emotion, does not regard music highly, and that he enjoys Elinors drawing, yet cannot appreciate it, for he is not an artist (15).In a man, Marianne seeks a lover and a connoisseur, whose tastes coincide with her tastes. He must be open with feelings, read the equal books, and be charmed by the same music (15). Marianne seeks a man with all of Edwards virtues, and his person and manner must ornament his uprightness with every possible charm (16). Mariannes mother relates Mariannes matureness beyond her years by reminding Marianne Remember, my love, that you are not seventeen. It is yet likewise early in life to despair of such an happiness (16). Mariannes brand of free expression sometimes has little else to recommend it (Intro, I). What is received of Mariannes classification system is true of her manners in superior general In her refusal to place social decorum and propriety above her testify impulses and desires, she is absolutely unbending (Intro, II). Marianne is also characterized as being very charming. For example, she believes her poetic effusions to be striking in themselves as well as unblemished expressions of her inner life (Intro, VII).

The Attack on Pearl Harbor :: World War II WWII WW2

The Nipponese planned a surprise approach shot on Pearl Harbor and struck at 755 A.M. on December 7th, 1941. This glide slope led to President Franklin Roosevelt asking Congress for a Declaration of struggle. This was the event that led to the join States entering World War II.The United States was mad at Japan for invading Manchuria in 1931. We were maladjusted ab bulge out the Japanese military. That is why President Roosevelt moved our Pacific hap to Pearl Harbor. After many months of talking, the Japanese broke off negotiations with the United States on December 6, 1941. We had made an offer to them and they never replied to the offer. The U.S. knew that the Japanese were believably going to endeavour us soon. We didnt know where the attack would be. approximately military officers thought it would be in the South Pacific. They were partly remunerate and wrong. Nobody really thought the Japanese would attack our pass off at Pearl Harbor in the east even tho ugh we knew it was workable for an aircraft carrier attack to hit there.The Japanese secretly sent a large naval fleet toward Pearl Harbor. It was the largest fleet of its type in history. The purpose of the mission was to wipe out the U.S. Pacific Fleet so the Japanese could continue to take control of the South Pacific area. Our fleet was the only real threat to their military plan.When the Japanese planes left the aircraft carriers to attack Pearl Harbor they were detected by our radar operators. The radar operators pretended they were either a large group of birds or some U.S. planes out on a training mission. The first attack by the Japanese started at 755 am. Our ships were lined up next to distri saveively other. This made them easy targets for the Japanese pilots. In just a soon period of time, five of our eight destroyers were sunk and the rest badly damaged. A second wave of Japanese planes also attacked Pearl Harbor. They continued to attack our ships and al so attacked our airfields. One type of ship they didnt sink was our aircraft carriers. They looked for them but never found them. They were out doing some training missions. The Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor destroyed 188 airplanes.

19th-Century Medicine in the United Kingdom Essay -- European History

19th-Century music in the unify landed estate Professor comments In this paper, the school-age child synthesizes several kickoffs roughly 19th-century medicine and medical education into a foc utilise and coherent seek that provides information about aspects of this topic peculiarly relevant to understanding Lydgates spatial relation in Middlemarch the differences among physicians, apothecaries, and surgeons, both in hurt of training and duties on the angiotensin-converting enzyme hand, social status on the other(a) the processes by which someone obtained a medical education and became a licence practitioner and the differences in English, Scottish, and French training. In doing so, the student displays an awareness of the immensity of the contextual material for much than than merely factual purposes, and she employs a ruler of selection, concentrating on material that entrust facilitate her interpretation of Lydgates role in the novel--especially in the connectio n in the midst of medical and political reform--in a conk out essay. Nineteenth-Century Medicine in the United Kingdom At the turn of the nineteenth century, medicine was hardly the enlightened profession it is today. Medical practices were often barbaric, employing methods that had been used for centuries, yielding little or no results and often killing the tolerant with a different wo than the original ailment. Leeching (or blood letting), purgation, poor gas diets, and cold water ducking were common practices as late as the 1850s. Even after newer, more effective methods of medical treatment had been introduced, many a(prenominal) of the physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries hesitated to use them. Fearing the loss of their reputations, they hung on to superstitious beliefs, doubting the effectiveness of su... ...l student surrounded by books, a model of human skull at his elbow, he labored over his studies with gravitation and decorum late in to the iniquity (Peterson 40). Because of the efforts of the enlightened few, and because of the discoveries happening in other European countries, the United Kingdom was finally able to outflow the medical profession the much desire respect and reform that it needed, reservation medicine a profession to be revered and a source of pride to all those who practiced it. whole kit and boodle Cited Peterson, M. Jeanne. The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian capital of the United Kingdom. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London U of California P, 1978. Pfeiffer, Carl J. The nontextual matter and Practice of Western Medicine in the Early Nineteenth Century. Jefferson, NC, and London McFarland, 1985. Youngson, A.J. The Scientific Revolution in Victorian Medicine. New York Holmes and Meier, 1979. 19th-Century Medicine in the United Kingdom Essay -- European History 19th-Century Medicine in the United Kingdom Professor comments In this paper, the student synthesizes several sources about nineteenth-centur y medicine and medical education into a focused and coherent essay that provides information about aspects of this topic especially relevant to understanding Lydgates position in Middlemarch the differences among physicians, apothecaries, and surgeons, both in terms of training and duties on the one hand, social status on the other the processes by which someone obtained a medical education and became a licensed practitioner and the differences in English, Scottish, and French training. In doing so, the student displays an awareness of the importance of the contextual material for more than merely factual purposes, and she employs a principle of selection, concentrating on material that will facilitate her interpretation of Lydgates role in the novel--especially in the connection between medical and political reform--in a separate essay. Nineteenth-Century Medicine in the United Kingdom At the turn of the nineteenth century, medicine was hardly the enlightened profession it is today . Medical practices were often barbaric, employing methods that had been used for centuries, yielding little or no results and often killing the patient with a different affliction than the original ailment. Leeching (or blood letting), purgation, poor liquid diets, and cold water dousing were common practices as late as the 1850s. Even after newer, more effective methods of medical treatment had been introduced, many of the physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries hesitated to use them. Fearing the loss of their reputations, they hung on to superstitious beliefs, doubting the effectiveness of su... ...l student surrounded by books, a model of human skull at his elbow, he labored over his studies with gravity and decorum late in to the night (Peterson 40). Because of the efforts of the enlightened few, and because of the discoveries happening in other European countries, the United Kingdom was finally able to give the medical profession the much desired respect and reform that it nee ded, making medicine a profession to be revered and a source of pride to all those who practiced it. Works Cited Peterson, M. Jeanne. The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian London. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London U of California P, 1978. Pfeiffer, Carl J. The Art and Practice of Western Medicine in the Early Nineteenth Century. Jefferson, NC, and London McFarland, 1985. Youngson, A.J. The Scientific Revolution in Victorian Medicine. New York Holmes and Meier, 1979.