HPV Pros and Cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HPV Pros and Cons - Essay Example Persistent high-risk HPV can cause problems cervical cancer. While pap tests can be used to test women for this disease, men have no HPV tests available. While there is no treatment for HPV itself, the health problems caused by it: genital warts, cervical cell changes and cancer of the vulva, cervix or anus can be cured. The controversy with this virus occurred when a vaccine was available for it in 2006 (Immunization Action Coalition). One of the most vital aspects of this vaccine is its inability to serve the very people it has been created for. Cases of HPV occur in women belonging to a low social status (Elsevier 2009). These women are unable to access a quality or any kind of screening tests. If these women are unable to access proper tests, the probability of them getting these new vaccinations is even lower. The idea of this vaccine is to provide an equal and balanced health system for every individual but it will be unable to do so if the majority of them women who are infected with the disease unable to afford it. There is an alternative view that this medicine will help young girls from being affected by a virus that is responsible for causing 7000 cases of cervical cancer (Gardner 2007). Thus, while the procedure might cost $360 for the three required shots; the benefits it reaps will have far-reaching and helpful effects. Gardner also claims that if private insurers cover the cost of the drug it can be made more readily available to the drug. In other words, profit-making organizations are asked to forget their personal motives and contribute to the general good. To provide proof of these moves to lower the cost of the drug, groups involved in the immunization process are asking the states to adopt this vaccination and provide it to the same low social classes who are greatly afflicted by this disease and unable to seek any kind of relief. However, there is a lingering doubt in the minds of many that this drug will not prove to be as

Experiments with Metals and Ions of Metals Essay Example for Free

Experiments with Metals and Ions of Metals Essay Metals react with non-metals but each to a different extent. The most reactive metals are alkali metals (group1A, where group is a vertical column in the periodic table), which include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium. All these metals have one electron in the valence electrons shell; this electron can be removed relatively easily, which means that this electron has a very small ionization energy. If we look closely at the elements of this group, we can see that they are not reactive to the same extent. This is because electrons have a negative charge and they are attracted o the nucleus, which has a positive charge. Valence shell electrons are responsible for the reactivity of an element; as the distance between valence electrons and the nucleus increases, the attractive force decreases and so the energy needed to separate the valence electron from an atom (ionization energy) decreases. So we can say that as the size of a metal atom increases, its ionization energy decreases and its reactivity increases (the most reactive alkali metal is francium and the least reactive one is lithium). An example of the reactivity of alkali metal is their reaction with water. For example: Na (s) + 2H20 †+ 2Na+(aq) + 20H -(aq) + H2 (g) + heat We can identify this reaction by the following 2- 3- 4- H2 gas emerges Disappearance of metals Heat produced The appearance of hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)) makes the solution basic, which can be identified by using phenolphthalein as the indicator. We can compare between the metals by the rate of production of H2(g) as well as by the heat produced from this reaction. Alkaline earth elements (group IA) are active metals but less than alkali metals. Since calcium is larger than the magnesium atom, its ionization energy is smaller than that of magnesium. Thus, calcium is more reactive than magnesium. The other metals as aluminum, zinc, iron, lead and copper do not react with water, so we cant use water to distinguish between their reactivity. HCl(aq) is used to put them in order according to their reactivity. We can put the most common metal in a series according to their reactivity (from the most to the least reactive one). Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, lead, copper, silver . When a metal in the upper part of the reactivity series reacts with aqueous solution of other metal ions lower in the series, the more reactive metal eactive metal transfers its electrons to the less reactive metal. According to this reactivity series, we can predict what will happen when a piece of zinc metal is put in CuS04 (aq) soluti on or in MgS04 (aq) solution. Since Zn is more reactive than Cu, when we put Zn in CuS04(aq), a reaction will occur as follows: Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) + S042- (aq) †+ Zn2+(aq) + S042- (aq) + Cu (s) However, Since Zn is less reactive than Mg, if we put Zn in MgS04(aq) there will be no reaction at all: Zn (s) + Mg2+(aq) + S042- (aq) †+ No reaction. Materials: 10 mL Cu2+(aq) solution 0. 5M 10 mL Ag+(aq) solution 0. M 10 mL Mg2+(aq) solution 0. 5M 10 mL Zn2+(aq) saturated solution Pieces of the metals: Mg(s), Zn(s), Ag(s), Cu(s) lcm x lcm each. Equipments: 16 test tubs Emery cloth Tweezers Experimental procedure In the current laboratory session you will explore some of the characteristics of certain elements. You will start by comparing the reactivity of Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag metals by their ability to release electrons. a. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them into a clean test tube using a tweezers. b. Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Cu2+(aq) solution. . Watch what happens and write down your observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to determine whether a chemical reaction occurred in each test tube, and if so, write a balanced chemical reaction. zn cu2+(aq) : Mg in Cu2+(aq) : cu cu2+(aq) : Ag in Cu2+(aq) : c. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them into a clean test tube. d. Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Mg2+(aq) solution. 2. Watch what happens and write down you observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to determine whether a chemical reaction occurred in the test tube, and if so, write a Mg in Mg2+(aq) : Cu in Mg2+(aq) : Ag in Mg2+(aq) : Zn in Mg2+(aq) : e. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Zn2+(aq) solution. 3. Watch what happens and write down you observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to Zn in Zn2+(aq) : Mg in Zn2+(aq) : cu zn2+(aq) : Ag in Zn2+(aq) : g. Wipe the metals Zn, Mg, Cu and Ag using the emery cloth and put each of them h. Fill each of the test tubes with about 2 cm of the Ag+(aq) solution. 4. Watch what happens and write down you observations. Wait for 2-3 minutes to Zn in Ag+(aq) : . 6. Cu in Ag+(aq) : Ag in Ag+(aq) : Sum your observations in the following table (color, precipitance, other changes): List the metals in order of their ability to release electrons. Receive an unknown solution from your teacher and determine what is the metal ion in the solution 7. Describe the tests you did in order to find the unknown ion in the solution and write what it was. Reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with aluminium In this demonstration experiment, aluminium reacts with each of three halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Spectacular exothermic redox reactions occur, ccompanied by flames and coloured smoke, forming the solid aluminium halides: 2Al + 3X2 -+ 2AlX3 (X = Cl, and l) Read our standard health safety guidance Lesson organisation This is a class demonstration that shows the spectacular reactivity of three non- metals from Group 7 with a metal. These experiments must be done in a fume cupboard as both the reactants and products are hazardous. Teachers attempting this demonstration for the first time are strongly advised to do a trial run before doing it in front of a class. Each experiment should take about 5 minutes. Apparatus and chemicals Eye protection Thick chemically-resistant gloves such as marigold industrial blue nitrile Access to a fume cupboard The teacher will require: Mortar and pestle Heat resistant mat, 30 x 30 cm Watch glasses, about 10 cm diameter, 2 Reduction tube (see note 1) Test-tubes, 3 Test-tube rack Teat pipette Filter paper Spatula or wooden splint Bosses, clamps and stands Chemicals for one demonstration: Aluminium foil, a few cm2 Aluminium powder (Highly flammable, Contact with water may liberate hydrogen), 0. 3 g Liquid bromine (Corrosive, Very toxic), 1 cm3 (see note 2) Solid iodine (Harmful), 2 g Silver nitrate solution, about 0. 1 mol dm3 (Low hazard but stains skin and clothing at this concentration), about 10 cm3 A little deionised water in a washbottle chlorate(l) solution (14% (w/v) available chlorine) (Corrosive), about 100cm3 Hydrochloric acid, 5 mol dm-3 (Corrosive), about 50 cm3 Technical notes Aluminium powder (Highly flammable, Contact with water may liberate hydrogen) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 1 Liquid bromine (Corrosive, Very toxic) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 15A, SRA04 The aluminium/bromine reaction Solid iodine (Harmful) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 54A Silver nitrate solution (Low hazard at concentration used) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 87 and Recipe card 58 Chlorine (Toxic, Irritant) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 22A and Recipe card 26 Sodium chlorate(l) solution (Corrosive) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 89 Hydrochloric acid (Corrosive) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 47A and Recipe card 31 1 The reduction tube should be fitted with a one-holed rubber stopper fitted with short length of glass tubing and attached to the chlorine generator. Alternatively an 8-10 cm length of wide bore glass tubing with a stopper fitted with a short length of glass ubing at each end could be used see diagram. Wear suitable protective gloves (thick, chemically resistant) when handling liquid bromine. Have 500 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 solution of sodium thiosulfate available to treat any spillages on the skin. Procedure HEALTH SAFETY: Wear eye protection and gloves Reaction of A1 + C12 a Set up the chlorine generator in a fume cupboard. Make sure it is securely clamped. b Loo sely crumple a piece of aluminium foil (10 x 5 cm) so that it will Just fit inside the reduction tube and push it into the tube. Attach the tube to the generator ith a short length of rubber tubing and clamp it in position at the end nearest to the generator, so that the aluminium foil can easily be heated using a Bunsen burner see diagram. c Generate a gentle stream of chlorine by dripping the hydrochloric acid slowly on to the sodium chlorate(l) solution, and allow it to pass over the aluminium. When the green colour of the chlorine gas fills the reduction tube, start heating the aluminium foil with a Bunsen burner at the end nearest to the chlorine supply. Once the aluminium is hot, a bright glow will suddenly appear where it starts to react with chlorine. Remove the heat. The bright glow should spread along the aluminium. If not, heat again, and increase the flow of chlorine gas. A lot of white smoke aluminium chloride is produced, some of it condensing as a white powder on the walls of the reduction tube and the rest streaming out of the hole in the end of the tube. When the reaction is over, stop the chlorine supply and remove the heat. e When the reduction tube has cooled down, disconnect it and, still in the fume cupboard, scrape a little of the white powder into a test-tube. Add a little deionised/ distilled water to the solid to dissolve it. Care: the reaction between anhydrous aluminium chloride and water can be quite vigorous an audible hiss can often be heard see Teaching Notes. f Test a drop of the solution with Universal indicator paper. It is strongly acidic. Test the remainder with a little silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate forms, showing the presence of chloride ions. Reaction of A1 + Br2 a Tear or cut some aluminium foil into several small pieces about 2 x 2 mm in size. fume cupboard. Sprinkle a few pieces of aluminium foil on to the surface of the bromine. Within a minute there are flashes of flame and a white smoke of aluminium romide is formed, together the orange vapour of bromine. Carefully hold another watchglass over the reaction to condense some of the smoke on to its surface as a solid. b Wash any aluminium bromide collected in this way off the watchglass into a test-tube using a little deionised water (Care: see Teaching Notes below). Test the solution with indicator paper and silver nitrate solution as above. The solution is acidic and a cream precipitate of silver bromide is formed. Reaction of A1 + 12 a Weigh out 2 gof iodine, which should be dry, and grind it to a powder in a fume cupboard, using a mortar and pestle. Place the powdered iodine on a filter paper on a dry heat resistant mat and add 0. 3 g of aluminium powder to it. Mix the two solids together in the fume cupboard using a wooden splint do not grind them together. When they are thoroughly mixed, pour the mixture into a heap on the heat resistant mat or in a metal tray, such as a tin lid, positioned in the middle of the fume cupboard. b To start the reaction, use a teat pipette to place a few drops of water on the mixture. After a time lag, the water begins to steam and clouds of purple iodine vapour are given off, indicating that an exothermic reaction has started. After a few more seconds sparks are given off and the mixture bursts into flame. When the reaction subsides, a white residue of aluminium iodide remains. Scrape a little of this into a test-tube (Care: see Teaching Notes below), add some deionised water and filter if necessary. Test the solution with indicator paper and silver nitrate solution as above. The solution is acidic and a yellow precipitate indicates the presence of iodide ions. Teaching notes These reactions make quite spectacular demonstrations in themselves, the bromine + aluminium reaction even more so in a partly darkened room. Classroom management n semi-darkness (Practical Physics advice) The demonstrations can be used to show the reaction between reactive non-metallic elements and a fairly reactive metal to form compounds, or as part of the study of the reactions of the Group 7 elements. Here the apparent order of reactivity is not that predicted from their position in the Group (that is chlorine †+ bromine †+ iodine). This is because of the different physical states of the three halogens, and the different surface area of the aluminium as a powder or foil. This can be used to make an important point about fair comparisons of reactivity. These reactions also serve to show that aluminium is in fact a more reactive metal than it appears in everyday use. The protective oxide layer of aluminium has to be penetrated by the halogens before the reactions can start, hence the delays, and the need for water to assist the two solid elements getting into contact, in the case of aluminium and iodine. The clouds of iodine vapour released when aluminium and iodine react can stain the inside of a fume cupboard. Teachers may prefer to demonstrate this reaction outdoors, if possible. The anhydrous aluminium halides are vigorously hydrolysed (sometimes violently if freshly prepared nd hot, as here) by water, giving off fumes of a hydrogen halide and a forming an acidic solution of the aluminium salt. To dispose of the solid residues, allow them to cool completely before adding in small amounts to 1 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution in a fume cupboard. Wait until the reaction has subsided before adding Allotropes of sulfur Sulfur is heated slowly and steadily from room temperature, so that all the changes in colour and consistency as it melts and eventually reaches boiling point, can be observed. A fresh sample of sulfur is heated to Just above the melting point, then llowed to cool and crystallise slowly as monoclinic sulfur. A further sample is heated to boiling point, and the liquid rapidly chilled in cold water to form plastic sulfur. A separate sample of sulfur is dissolved in a warm solvent, and the solution allowed to cool and evaporate, leaving crystals of rhombic sulfur. All the observed changes in properties can be related to the different molecular structures of the three solid forms of sulfur, and to the changes in structure as the temperature of liquid sulfur is gradually raised. Read our standard health safety guidance This practical is described here as a demonstration. However, some teachers may wish to consider whether certain parts could be used as class practicals with appropriately skilful and reliable classes. A demonstration, without any accompanying discussion about the possible reasons for the changes in properties in terms of structure, would take up to 45 minutes. However, to derive maximum benefit from the experiment, more time needs to be allowed for such discussion. Apparatus and chemicals Heat resistant gloves Access to a fume cupboard Flexicam or similar camera, digital microscope, digital projector and screen or other ethod of projecting images of small crystals to the class (as available). Boiling tubes, 4 (see note 4) Test-tube holders, 2 Stands and clamps, 2 Conical flask, 250 cm3 Cork, to fit conical flask Beaker (250 cm3), 2 Beaker, 1 dm3 (see note 5) Thermometer, O 250 oc Petri dishes or watchglasses, 4 (or more) Bunsen burner, tripod and gauze Electric hotplates, 2 (optional, if available) Heat resistant mats, 2 Filter paper, about 18 20 cm diameter Spatula Paper clips Damp cloth (to extinguish small sulfur fires) Dimethylbenzene (xylene), (Harmful), 100 cm3 (see note 2) Cooking oil (Low Hazard), 700 cm3 (see note 3) Dimethylbenzene (xylene) (Harmful) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 46 Sulfur (Low hazard) Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 96A Cooking oil (Low hazard) 1 The sulfur used must be roll sulfur, crushed toa powder. To crush the rolls of sulfur, place in a strong plastic bag on a hard surface. Use a hammer or a vice to break up the roll sulfur into small pieces, then crush to a powder in a mortar and pestle. Flowers of sulfur is not suitable because it contains a lot of insoluble amorphous sulfur. During the experiments sulfur may catch fire, releasing sulfur dioxide (Toxic refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 97), which may cause breathing difficulties o some students. If this happens, extinguish quickly by placing a damp cloth over the mouth of the test-tube. If the combustion cannot be extinguished quickly, the test-tube should be placed in fume cupboard, and the fan left running. 2 Although other hydrocarbon solvents, such as methylbenzene, can be used to dissolve sulfur and form monoclinic sulfur, dimethylbenzene (xylene) is the least hazardous. 3 If suitable cooking oil is not available, other clear, high-boiling oils may be used, e. g. paraffin oil (Refer to CLEAPSS Hazcard 45B). 4 These are large (1 50 x 25 mm) test- ubes, and should be clean and dry. The test-tubes in which sulfur has been heated can be difficult to clean for general use. It may be worth keeping a set of such tubes from year-to-year for this experiment. 5 The large beaker containing the cooking oil functions as an oil-bath for heating the sulfur slowly and uniformly, while allowing students to see clearly what is happening to the sulfur. Other containers may be preferred for the oil-bath, provided the visibility is maintained, for example by use of a webcam and digital projector. Procedure HEALTH SAFETY: Wear eye protection. Before the demonstration: a Pre-heat the oil-bath to about 130 oc, and maintain this temperature. b Clamp one of the sulfur-containing tubes in the oil bath, so that the sulfur is below the level of the oil in the bath. c Half fill the 250 cm3 beaker with cold water. d In the fume cupboard, put about 10 g of powdered roll sulfur into the conical flask and add about 100 cm3 of dimethylbenzene. e Prepare filter paper cone held together by a paper clip and supported in a beaker, as shown below: The demonstration: a Two-thirds fill two test-tubes with powdered roll sulfur (about 20 g in each tube) nd place in the oil bath. The sulfur will melt to a transparent, amber, mobile liquid in about 15 minutes. b Remove one tube from the oil-bath and pour the molten sulfur into the filter paper cone. Allow the sulfur to cool slowly and solidify, forming a crust. c Break the crust with a spatula and, handling the filter paper cone with heat resistant gloves, tilt it so that any remaining liquid flows out of the cone of solidifying sulfur on to a piece of scrap paper or card (for disposal). Needle-shaped crystals of monoclinic sulfur will be seen inside the hollow cone.

College Admissions Essay: The Need for a Higher Power in Politics :: College Admissions Essays

A president cheats on his wife, then lies about it. A speaker of the House makes thousands of dollars in an illegal book deal. Both political parties are caught trying to sneak campaign contributions under the table... Every time we open the morning paper, another scandal has been exposed, another political savior has fallen to earth, another mess has to be mopped up. With each exposé, the state of American politics seems to have sunk to an all-new low. Yet somehow we always remain optimistic. Each time another leader's misdeed is unearthed, we sigh, punish the offending politician, and hope for the best, believing that his behavior will be an anomaly, and that our system will march onward. But if these ethical lapses are simply apparitions, just blips on our collective moral radar screen, why do they occur with such regularity? Shouldn't the country be able to discover leaders immune to such failures? Instead, those placed in power repeat the errors of their predecessors, sometimes in even more serious ways. We seem to have a knack for choosing new leaders with the same fatal flaws as the old ones. Are these leaders being corrupted by a morally bankrupt system, or is the pool of candidates for public service so shallow that all we can find are bottom feeders? The answer to all these questions is quite simple yet, at the same time, difficult for many to accept. For the root of the problem is this: Political leaders, like all men, have a basic propensity towards evil. In theological circles, this concept is known as "inherent sin nature," but it doesn't matter how you put it - men are basically selfish, greedy, lecherous, nasty little fellows. This corrupt personality is nothing new. It was well diagnosed long ago by no less a mind than that of Plato. "How charming people are!" he wrote in his Republic, "Always doctoring, increasing and complicating their disorders, fancying they will be cured by some nostrum which somebody advises them to try, never getting better, but always growing worse. ... Are they not as good as a play, trying their hand at legislation, and imagining that by reforms they will make an end to the dishonesties and rascalities of mankind - not knowing that in reality they are cutting away at the head of a hydra?" Power, then, does not create man's nasty character.

Importance of Lying Essay

Dishonesty is, and has been, a vital piece of human culture since the beginning of time. Through the need to improve and compete, this trait developed into sneaking and trickery, but eventually gave way to lying and deceit. Stephanie Ericsson’s article, â€Å"The Ways We Lie,† is a blunt take on the negative effects associated with the act of lying. She covers the topic from many different angles, dissecting why each type of lying is destructive to others, but she neglects to think of the beneficial aspects of the activity that have structured civil society around the globe. Without various types of lies, humans would be unable to compete against each other in the 21st century version of natural selection that is present in the world today. In order to be successful in life, elaboration and embellishment are necessary on a daily basis. These facades are fragile lies though, that are often disproved and discredited, hence the evolution of defense mechanisms used by us that rely on more deception to gain advantages. This chaotic scene of embellishment and defense mechanisms would make society near impossible if it wasn’t for our susceptibility to common ignorance. All civilizations form under the same beliefs, whether they’re true or not, bringing us to where we are today, a society that relies on the uses of facades, omission and deflection in order to function. With the era of technology, social networking, and mass media, human interaction has become much more frequent and scrutinized; every word that is said is judged instantly. Thus comes the necessity of facades for the sake of survival of the fittest. It is natural human instinct to go for the â€Å"fittest mate,† and in this day and age, that doesn’t mean most physically able. Character is a factor, and self-presentation, multiple different things that don’t come naturally to everyone, but anyone can put on a facade and present themselves as whatever they so please. The social advantage of putting a mask on and embellishing oneself to attract any sort of benefits whether they be romantic, financial, or professional. In America, there is an idea of an â€Å"ideal life,† commonly known as the â€Å"American Dream,† is a common goal that most citizens share to get a job, house and family, and the most efficient way to get there is through elaborate facades. The brutal side of the â€Å"American Dream† type natural selection mostly lies in the selfish aspects of it. Developing through this survival of the wittiest requires a thick shield of defense mechanisms in order to compete verbally. Humans use forms of lying that Stephanie Ericsson lists as deflection and omission. A man using his original facade to improve his live is at the scrutiny of his peers in the sense that his facade may be discovered, but developed defenses even the playing field so that lies may stay hidden. Stephanie describes deflection as instead defending oneself, going on the offensive. This defense mechanism draws attention away from whatever lies you may hold a bring other issues to the table, holding whatever facades may be hidden deep inside. Omission allows the liar to pick and choose what parts of the truth are told when they are, so the collaboration of omission with deflection creates a shield of misinformation and uncertainty that can deflect attempts to discredit and help grant people benefits all throughout their lives. But, with these fake personalities, and the reliance humans have on defense mechanisms to protect those personalities, how can people coexist with any trust at all? The answer lies within people’s susceptibility to ignorance on a massive scale, and their quickness to accept common knowledge for fact. The form of lying Stephanie calls ‘Groupthink’ suggests that humans rely more on the loyalty of the group than on any other sources. This is the lie that can be associated with all societies, civilizations, religions, and superstitions. People who all believe in the same things align with each other and defend the similar facades they have with their own uses of deflection and omissions to protect their group beliefs. Stephanie Ericsson seems to wish for an end to lying in general, but lying has been an essential part of human evolution and natural selection since social interactions have been in existence. The theory of groupthink is reflected on the devout nationality of people around the world, and the influence that facades such as religion have over people’s lives. Without these fundamental lies, there’s no telling where human history would be. Our dishonesty and ignorance have shaped and molded us just how predators have molded prey throughout history.

Bang bang banh

List three civil rights events that Lorraine (or the Hansberry family) was involved with: 1 . Her parents were both active in the black community of Chicago as well as social change work. 2. She was involved in the Hansberry vs. Lee case because her family was being forced to desegregate their white neighborhood with a restrictive covenant. Despite violent protest they didn't move until the court ordered them to. 3. One of her brothers dodged the draft because of segregation and discrimination in the military Use the following website to answer the following questions. http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Restrictive_covenant 4.In your own words, what are â€Å"restrictive covenants†? A sort of agreement, which limits what the owner of the land or lease can do with it. 5. How have they been used in segregation? Used to keep blacks from â€Å"invading† white neighborhoods The title A Raisin in the Sun comes from Langston Hughes' poem entitled â€Å"Harlem. † Read the poe m at the following website: http://www. teachingamericanhistory. org/library/index. asp? document=640 Use the following website to learn more about the poem. http://poetry. suitel 01 . com/article. cfm/hughes_harlem_a_dream_deferred According to this website, what is the theme ot â€Å"Harlem†? A dream deterred 7. Do you think this theme fits with the poem? Why or why not? Yes it explains what happens when a dream is postponed. 8. List two literary elements that can be found in the poem and give an example of each (copy and paste line): Literary element: rhetorical questions Example: What happens toa dream deferred? Literary element: simile Example: Does it stink like rotten meat? 9. Read through the commentary and tell what you think most likely happens to a â€Å"dream deferred† and explain why. When a dream is deferred it is lost, sense you no onger are able to fulfill it.It becomes a waste of time and a disappointment. In Act II, Scene Two, a character refers to Bo oker T. Washington as one of our â€Å"great men,† but another character disagrees and calls him a fool. Learn some facts about Mr. Washington to help you arrive at your own conclusion. Use the following websites to find three facts that support that he was a â€Å"great† man and three facts that may have lead the other character to believe he was a fool. http://www. nps. gov/archive/bowa/btwbio. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Booker_T. _Washington http://northbysouth. enyon. edu/1998. edu/home/btw. htm Great Man 10.First African American man to be invited to the white house 1 1 . First African American man to receive an honorary degree from Harvard 12. He was born a slave and had no early education, yet he still became America's foremost black educator Fool 13. His Atlanta compromise was known as a betrayal to the black community because it accepted segregation.

Battle of Petersburg in the Civil War

Battle of Petersburg in the Civil War The Battle of Petersburg was part of the American Civil War (1861-1865) and was fought between June 9, 1864 and April 2, 1865. In the wake of his defeat at the Battle of Cold Harbor in early June 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant continued pressing south towards the Confederate capital at Richmond. Departing Cold Harbor on June 12, his men stole a march on General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and crossed the James River on a large pontoon bridge. This maneuver led Lee to become concerned that he might be forced into a siege at Richmond. This was not Grants intention, as the Union leader sought to capture the vital city of Petersburg. Located south of Richmond, Petersburg was a strategic crossroads and railroad hub which supplied the capital and Lees army. Its loss would make would Richmond indefensible (Map). Armies Commanders Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General George G. Meade67,000 increasing to 125,000 men Confederate General Robert E. Leeapprox. 52,000 men Smith and Butler Move Aware of Petersburgs importance, Major General Benjamin Butler, commanding Union forces at Bermuda Hundred, attempted an attack on the city on June 9. Crossing the Appomattox River, his men assault the citys outermost defenses known as the Dimmock Line. These attacks were halted by Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard and Butler withdrew. On June 14, with the Army of the Potomac nearing Petersburg, Grant instructed Butler to dispatch Major General William F. Baldy Smiths XVIII Corps to attack the city. Crossing the river, Smiths advance was delayed through the day on the 15th, though he finally moved to attack the Dimmock Line that evening. Possessing 16,500 men, Smith was able to overwhelm Brigadier General Henry Wises Confederates along the northeastern portion of the Dimmock Line. Falling back, Wises men occupied a weaker line along Harrisons Creek. With night setting in, Smith halted with intention of resuming his attack at dawn. First Assaults That evening, Beauregard, whose call for reinforcements had been ignored by Lee, stripped his defenses at Bermuda Hundred to reinforce Petersburg, increasing his forces there to around 14,000. Unaware of this, Butler remained idle rather than threatening Richmond. Despite this, Beauregard remained badly outnumbered as Grants columns began arriving on the field increasing Union strength to over 50,000. Attacking late in the day with the XVIII, II, and IX Corps, Grants men slowly pushed the Confederates back. Fighting continued on 17th with the Confederates defending tenaciously and preventing a Union breakthrough. As the fighting raged, Beauregards engineers began building a new line of fortifications closer the city and Lee began marching to the fighting. Attacks on June 18 gained some ground but were halted at the new line with heavy losses. Unable to advance, the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Major General George G. Meade, ordered his troops to dig in opposite the Confederates. In four days of fighting, Union losses totaled 1,688 killed, 8,513 wounded, 1,185 missing or captured, while the Confederates lost around 200 killed, 2,900 wounded, 900 missing or captured Moving Against the Railroads Having been stopped by the Confederate defenses, Grant began making plans for severing the three open railroads leading into Petersburg. While one ran north to Richmond, the other two, the Weldon Petersburg and Southside, were open to attack. The closest, the Weldon, ran south to North Carolina and provided a connection to the open port of Wilmington. As a first step, Grant planned a large cavalry raid to attack both railroads, while ordering the II and VI Corps to march on the Weldon. Advancing with their men, Major Generals David Birney and Horatio Wright encountered Confederate troops on June 21. The next two days saw them fight the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road which resulted in over 2,900 Union casualties and around 572 Confederate. An inconclusive engagement, it saw the Confederates retain possession of the railroad, but Union forces extend their siege lines. As Lees army was significantly smaller, any need lengthen his lines correspondingly weakened the whole. Wilson-Kautz Raid As Union forces were failing in their efforts to seize the Weldon Railroad, a cavalry force led by Brigadier Generals James H. Wilson and August Kautz circled south of Petersburg to strike at the railroads. Burning stock and tearing up around 60 miles of track, the raiders fought battles at Staunton River Bridge, Sappony Church, and Reams Station. In the wake of this last fight, they found themselves unable to breakthrough to return to the Union lines. As a result, the Wilson-Kautz raiders were forced to burn their wagons and destroy their guns before fleeing north. Returning to the Union lines on July 1, the raiders lost 1,445 men (approx. 25% of the command). A New Plan As Union forces operated against the railroads, efforts of a different sort were underway to break the deadlock in front of Petersburg. Among the units in the Union trenches was the 48th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry of Major General Ambrose Burnsides IX Corps. Composed largely of former coal miners, the men of the 48th devised a plan for breaking through the Confederate lines. Observing that the closest Confederate fortification, Elliotts Salient, was a mere 400 feet from their position, the men of the 48th believed that a mine could be run from their lines under the enemy earthworks. Once complete, this mine could be packed with enough explosives to open a hole in the Confederate lines. The Battle of the Crater This idea was seized upon by their commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pleasants. A mining engineer by trade, Pleasants approached Burnside with the plan arguing that the explosion would take the Confederates by surprise and would allow Union troops to rush in to take the city. Approved by Grant and Burnside, planning moved forward and construction of the mine began. Anticipating the attack to occur on July 30, Grant ordered Major General Winfield S. Hancocks II Corps and two divisions of Major General Philip Sheridans Cavalry Corps north across the James to the Union position at Deep Bottom. From this position, they were to advance against Richmond with the goal of drawing Confederate troops away from Petersburg. If this was not practicable, then Hancock was to pin the Confederates while Sheridan raided around the city. Attacking on July 27 and 28, Hancock and Sheridan fought an inconclusive action but one which succeeded in pulling Confederate troops from Petersburg. Having achieved his objective, Grant suspended operations on the evening of July 28. At 4:45 AM on July 30, the charge in the mine was detonated killing at least 278 Confederate soldiers and creating a crater 170 feet long, 60-80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. Advancing, the Union attack soon bogged down as last-minute changes to the plan and a rapid Confederate response doomed it to failure. By 1:00 PM the fighting in the area ended and Union forces suffered 3,793 killed, wounded, and captured, while the Confederates incurred around 1,500. For his part in the attacks failure, Burnside was sacked by Grant and command of IX Corps passed to Major General John G. Parke. The Fighting Continues While the two sides were fighting in the vicinity of Petersburg, Confederate forces under Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early were successfully campaigning in the Shenandoah Valley. Advancing from the valley, he won the Battle of Monocacy on July 9 and menaced Washington on July 11-12. Retreating, he burned Chambersburg, PA on July 30. Earlys actions forced Grant to send VI Corps to Washington to bolster its defenses. Concerned that Grant might move to crush Early, Lee shifted two divisions to Culpeper, VA where they would be in position to support either front. Mistakenly believing that this movement had greatly weakened the Richmond defenses, Grant ordered II and X Corps to attack again at Deep Bottom on August 14. In six days of fighting, little was achieved other than forcing Lee to further strengthen the Richmond defenses. To end the threat posed by Early, Sheridan was dispatched to the valley to head up Union operations. Closing the Weldon Railroad While the fighting was raging at Deep Bottom, Grant ordered Major General Gouverneur K. Warrens V Corps to advance against the Weldon Railroad. Moving out on August 18, they reached the railroad at Globe Tavern around 9:00 AM. Attacked by Confederate forces, Warrens men fought a back and forth battle for three days. When it ended, Warren had succeeded in holding a position astride the railroad and had linked his fortifications with the main Union line near the Jerusalem Plank Road. The Union victory forced Lees men to offload supplies from the railroad at Stony Creek and bring them to Petersburg by wagon via the Boydton Plank Road. Wishing to permanently damage the Weldon Railroad, Grant ordered Hancocks tired II Corps to Reams Station to destroy the tracks. Arriving on August 22 and 23, they effectively destroyed the railroad to within two miles of Reams Station. Seeing the Union presence as a threat to his line of retreat, Lee ordered Major General A.P. Hill south to defeat Hancock. Attacking on August 25, Hills men succeeded in forcing Hancock to retreat after a protracted fight. Through a tactical reverse, Grant was pleased with the operation as the railroad had been put out of commission leaving the Southside as the only track running into Petersburg. (Map). Fighting in the Fall On September 16, while Grant was absent meeting with Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, Major General Wade Hampton led the Confederate cavalry on a successful raid against the Union rear. Dubbed the Beefsteak Raid, his men escaped with 2,486 head of cattle. Returning, Grant mounted another operation in later September intending to strike at both ends of Lees position. The first part saw Butlers Army of the James attack north of the James at Chaffins Farm on September 29-30. Though he had some initial success, he was soon contained by the Confederates. South of Petersburg, elements of V and IX Corps, supported by cavalry, successfully extended the Union line to the area of Peebles and Pegrams Farms by October 2. In an effort to relieve pressure north of the James, Lee attacked the Union positions there on October 7. The resulting Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads saw his men repulsed forcing him to fall back. Continuing his trend of striking both flanks simultaneously, Grant sent Butler forward again on October 27-28. Fighting the Battle of Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road, Butler faired no better than Lee earlier in the month. At the other end of the line, Hancock moved west with a mixed force in an attempt to cut the Boydton Plank Road. Though his men gained the road on October 27, subsequent Confederate counterattacks forced him to fall back. As a result, the road remained open for Lee throughout the winter (Map). The End Nears With the setback at Boydton Plank Road, fighting began to quiet as winter approached. The re-election of President Abraham Lincoln in November ensured that the war would be prosecuted to the end. On February 5, 1865, offensive operations resumed with Brigadier General David Greggs cavalry division moving out to strike Confederate supply trains on the Boydton Plank Road. To protect the raid, Warrens corps crossed Hatchers Run and established a blocking position on the Vaughan Road with elements of II Corps in support. Here they repulsed a Confederate attack late in the day. Following Greggs return the following day, Warren pushed up the road and was assaulted near Dabneys Mill. Though his advance was halted, Warren succeeded in further extending the Union line to Hatchers Run. Lees Last Gamble By early March 1865, over eight months in the trenches around Petersburg had begun to wreck Lees army. Plagued by disease, desertion, and a chronic lack of supplies, his force had dropped to around 50,000. Already outnumbered 2.5-to-1, he faced the daunting prospect of another 50,000 Union troops arriving as Sheridan concluded operations in the valley. Desperately needing to change the equation before Grant assaulted his lines, Lee asked Major General John B. Gordon to plan an attack on the Union lines with the goal of reaching Grants headquarters area at City Point. Gordon began preparations and at 4:15 AM on March 25, the lead elements began moving against Fort Stedman in the northern part of the Union line. Striking hard, they overwhelmed the defenders and soon had taken Fort Stedman as well as several nearby batteries opening a 1000-foot breach in the Union position. Responding to the crisis, Parke ordered Brigadier General John F. Hartranfts division to seal the gap. In tight fighting, Hartranfts men succeeded in isolating Gordons attack by 7:30 AM. Supported by a vast number of Union guns, they counterattacked and drove the Confederates back to their own lines. Suffering around 4,000 casualties, the failure of the Confederate effort at Fort Stedman effectively doomed Lees ability to hold the city. Five Forks Sensing Lee was weak, Grant ordered the newly returned Sheridan to attempt a move around the Confederate right flank to the west of Petersburg. To counter this move, Lee dispatched 9,200 men under Major General George Pickett to defend the vital crossroads of Five Forks and the Southside Railroad, with orders to hold them at all hazards. On March 31, Sheridans force encountered Picketts lines and moved to attack. After some initial confusion, Sheridans men routed the Confederates at the Battle of Five Forks, inflicting 2,950 casualties. Pickett, who was away at a shad bake when the fighting started, was relieved of his command by Lee. With the Southside Railroad cut, Lee lost his best line of retreat. The following morning, seeing no other options, Lee informed President Jefferson Davis that both Petersburg and Richmond must be evacuated (Map). The Fall of Petersburg This coincided with Grant ordering a massive offensive against the majority of the Confederate lines. Moving forward early on April 2, Parkes IX Corps struck Fort Mahone and the lines around the Jerusalem Plank Road. In bitter fighting, they overwhelmed the defenders and held on against strong counterattacks by Gordons men. To the south, Wrights VI Corps shattered the Boydton Line allowing Major General John Gibbons XXIV Corps to exploit the breach. Advancing, Gibbons men fought a protracted battle for Forts Gregg and Whitworth. Though they captured both, the delay allowed Lieutenant General James Longstreet to bring troops down from Richmond. To the west, Major General Andrew Humphreys, now commanding II Corps, broke through the Hatchers Run Line and pushed back Confederate forces under Major General Henry Heth. Though he was having success, he was ordered to advance on the city by Meade. Doing so, he left a division to deal with Heth. By late afternoon, Union forces had forced the Confederates into Petersburgs inner defenses but had worn themselves out in the process. That evening, as Grant planned a final assault for the following day, Lee began evacuating the city (Map). Aftermath Retreating west, Lee hoped to resupply and join with General Joseph Johnstons forces in North Carolina. As Confederate forces departed, Union troops entered both Petersburg and Richmond on April 3. Closely pursued by Grants forces, Lees army began to disintegrate. After a week of retreating, Lee finally met with Grant at Appomattox Court House and surrendered his army on April 9, 1865. Lees surrender effectively ended the Civil War in the East.

Cabeza De Vaca Outline Essays

Cabeza De Vaca Outline Essays Cabeza De Vaca Outline Paper Cabeza De Vaca Outline Paper Cabeza De Vaca Outline Thesis: Res? ©ndezs argument that Cabeza wanted a more humane wane to colonize holds some validity, but his argument has some holes because Cabeza did not believe some Native Americans could become loyal Christian citizens of Spain. l. Introduction to controversy: 1. Andr? ©s Res? ©ndezs central argument for his book is that the castaways Journey thus amounts to a fork in the path of exploration and conquest, a road that, if taken, could have transformed the brutal process by which Europeans overtook the land and riches of America. However, this is ignoring the earlier part of the Res? ©ndezs book which talks much about the process from which Cabeza goes from a slave to a medicine man. Even though Cabeza is respected as a medicine man, he is still mistreated often. 2. Res? ©ndezs argument that Cabeza would be totally peaceful to the natives is incorrect 1. 1 . Evidence: hostilities with native populations and a shortage of food forced the group to retreat from the coast of Florida; during the retreat, various storms caused Cabeza de Vaca and his small party to be separated rom the rest of the Spaniards and eventually this small group made their way into modern-day Texas. During this period, Cabeza de Vaca lived as a captive with various native tribes for several years until finally escaping and returning to Spanish settlements in Mexico. II. Explain summaries of both books: 3. Summary of Cabeza De Vaca: As the navigators were uncertain of their location when they landed, Cabeza de Vaca thought it prudent to keep the land and sea forces together. Narvaez and the other officers, excited by rumors of gold, overruled im and started off on a march through Florida, promptly getting lost. After several months of fghting native inhabitants through wilderness and swamp, the party reached Apalachee Bay with 242 men. They believed they were near other Spaniards in Mexico, but 1 500 miles of coast lay between them. Although starving, wounded, sick, and lost in swampy terrain, the men devised a plan to escape by water. Slaughtering and eating their horses, they melted down stirrups, spurs, horseshoes and other metal items, and fashioned a bellows from deerhide to make a fire hot nough to forge tools and nails. They constructed five primitive boats to use in search of Mexico. Cabeza de Vaca commanded one of these vessels, each of which had room for only 50 men. Depleted of food and water, the men followed the coast westward, until they reached the mouth of the Mississippi River. When the current swept them into the Gulf, the five rafts were separated by a hurricane, some lost forever, including that of Narvaez. Two craft with about 40 survivors, including Cabeza de Vaca, wrecked on or near Galveston Island. The explorers called it Misfortune. They tried to repair the rafts, using what remained of their own clothes to plug holes, but they lost the rafts to a large wave. As the number of survivors dwindled rapidly, they were enslaved for a few years by various American Indian tribes of the upper Gulf Coast. Only four men including Cabeza de Vaca, survived and escaped to reach Mexico City. Cabeza De Vaca traveled on foot through the then-uncolonized territories of Texas and the coast. Then down the Gulf of California coast to what is ow Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. He lived in conditions of abject poverty and, occasionally, in slavery. During his wanderings, passing from tribe to tribe, Cabeza de Vaca developed sympathies for the indigenous population. He became a trader, which allowed him freedom to travel among the tribes. Cabeza de Vaca comprehended his survival and Journey in religious terms, in that he claimed to have been guided by God to learn to heal the sick. He gained such notoriety as a faith healer that he and his companions gathered a large following of natives who egarded them as children of the sun, endowed with the power to both heal and destroy 4. Summary of A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca: Ill. Compare similarities: 1. Themes: i. Brutality it. The transition in the role of De Vaca as he travels iii. Religion 2. Setting: Mexico, Texas IV. Compare differences: i. Res? ©ndez wrote his book in modern times reflecting back on De Vacas Journey and how it would have affected the evolution of Latin America while De Vaca was more of showing the Spanish people how they could be more merciful and better Christians. t. Perspective: Res? ©ndezs did not experience the hardships that De Vaca did iii. Style of book: Res? ©ndezs is an analysis of a Journey while De Vacas is the Journey v. Audience: De Vacas audience was the king, to convince him to be more merciful Res? ©ndezs audience is more modern V. Conclusion: l. While Res? ©ndezs has some strong points on the evolution of De Vaca through his journey, I think he fails to emphatize with De Vaca and realize that De Vaca believes that some natives cannot be reformed and must be changed with force.

4 Google Searches to Boost Interview Success

4 Google Searches to Boost Interview Success When a company has contacted you about an interview, you might think your work (getting your resume in order, pulling together your application package) is over. After all, ball’s in their court, right? Not so much. The legwork you do between the initial outreach from the company and the day of your interview can make the difference between getting the job and going through this process again with a different company and job. Preparation is essential ahead of the interview, and thanks to the wonders of Google (or your preferred web search engine), you can set yourself up nicely.Find as much information as you can on the company.Check for news alerts in particular, as these can tell you what the company’s public face is. Are they constantly on the defensive for financial shenanigans? Are they always at the forefront of raising money for your favorite charity? Good or bad, this research can give you a baseline of information about the company in general.The good things (s trong financial success, major philanthropy efforts) can be casually worked into the conversation during your interview to show that you’ve been paying attention to the company’s fortunes. The bad stuff, well, that’s for your own reference. It won’t endear you to that company’s employees if you open with, â€Å"Jeez, you guys had a heck of a bad quarter, huh?†Do a little digging into the company’s key people.This can include the person who will be interviewing you. A quick check of LinkedIn can tell you if you have any shared school or business connections. When you do this bit of research, though, tread carefully. Remember that on networks like LinkedIn, you  can see who’s been looking at your  profile, and how many times. So while natural curiosity can seem proactive, definitely be wary of seeming stalker-y.That same policy applies in the interview itself, too. If you and the interviewer both went to the same school, grea t! You have an in to talk about the football team during the small-talk portion. But if you just recite personal facts you gleaned from social networks, it may make you look aggressive or obsessive.Research your potential job title at the company.Even if you don’t have specific names from the place where you’re interviewing, you can easily search for more generic information. Try typing in â€Å"[company name] + [job title]† to see if there’s any information floating around about the specific job- that might turn up information at sites like Salary.com and similar review websites. This could also help later, if you receive a job offer: it can give you a frame of reference for salary or benefit negotiations.Know the company’s mission.This type of information is often readily available on the company’s own website. Knowing their stated core values puts an answer in your back pocket if the interviewer asks, â€Å"What drew you to this company? † or â€Å"What do you already know about this company?† If you can smoothly say, â€Å"Like Company X, I also fully support providing organic snacks to baby seals,† without missing a beat, it’ll emphasize you can fit well in the company’s culture.The more information you have before you ever set foot in the interview, the better off you’ll be. After all, they’re not just evaluating you and your specific skills, but also you as a potential team member and ambassador for the company.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Communication - Essay Example They are still trying their best to recuperate in the wake of the troubles times that they have gone through and are still passing to this day. The information control and diffusion is an important aspect which must be understood from the social change perspectives, more so because the society on the whole has not improved drastically to counter any apprehensions which it had in the times of the colonial rule. Social change has to come from within the people themselves but the fact that change is difficult to assess under such settings compounds the whole dilemma that these developing nations face. Thus information control and diffusion seems difficult to be attained in the true sense of the word and any form of control that has been achieved thus far is due to the hard work and commitment of the people who are directly or indirectly involved with the social change processes, activities and tenets. Communication in such nations is hard to reach towards the benchmark levels because th ere are other problems which must be addressed first and the governmental regimes are trying their best to allocate more resources towards such issues and matters. Hence the aspect of information control and diffusion in a proper and adequate manner takes a back seat since the more pertinent issues are discussed in a thorough fashion. The colonial system has not helped much in the understanding basis of the information control mechanisms and the phenomenon of diffusion as well. This is because the colonial system did its trick when it was present in the olden times. But with the changing epoch, the perspectives have taken a U-turn and there is more room for comprehending the different facets, aspects and sides of a particular issue that comes from the domains of the communication tenets. This warrants attention on the part of the diffusion circles and information control hierarchies and hence the need to discern and comprehend the growth mechanisms which are

Fashion Marketing innovation idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion Marketing innovation idea - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Marketing innovation idea" presents the idea of using Pop-Up Stores to Boost Sales for Online Fashion Shop. Tackling the above stated problems in the online business may require a bit of innovativeness. Pop-up stores, also known as flash retail, stand as an ideal means to extend the online brand to consumers who are offline and consequently build the confidence of consumers to interact with the e-shop frequently. Consumers embrace and flock to the myriad manifestations of pop-up stands and it is thus an innovative and legitimate means of making a connection with consumer and extending online brands. The most recent iterations of pop-up spaces unearth high-end signage, decorative displays, cutting-edge mobile commerce capacities, and significant interactive experience that can benefit any online business to have meaningful connection with customers. This report elucidates how these innovations – pop-up stores – can help in increasing sales for online f ashion shops that are grappling with diffusing their new brands to the market. Further, pop-up stores are discussed in detail as a marketing mix to show how online fashion businesses can make the most out of something that is seemingly temporary. This report’s main aim is to depict how pop-up stores can make the most out of pop-up shops and off line spaces to revamp their brands and boost sales.The report will also show the short term and long term benefit of having an extra outlet for fashion product in terms of sales.

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making Essay

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making - Essay Example The children of smokers, compared to children of nonsmoking parents, have an increased number of respiratory disorders, are sick more often and miss more days of school. The Centers for Disease Control conservatively attributes 3,825 deaths in 1988 to passive smoking A report sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that environmental smoke kills 53,000 nonsmokers a year, including 37,000 from heart disease ("Secondhand") (Schwartz JL, 1989). Canadians are most likely to identify lung cancer and bronchitis and other respiratory problems as diseases associated with second-hand smoke. Smokers and those who live with smokers are less likely to acknowledge the health effects of smoking. Only 1 in 5 Canadians surveyed believed that second-hand smoke could cause ear infections. Even among those who know that second-hand smoke poses a danger, many mistakenly believe that children's health is only harmed by smoking directly around them. [Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Knowledge, Attitudes and Actions of Parents, Children and Child Care Providers, Health Canada, 1995]. http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of... http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of 15, some 2.8 million children, are exposed to second-hand smoke on a regular basis. [Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Health on second reading debate of Bill C-24, June 6, 1996]. Four in 10 Canadian households include someone who regularly smokes in the home. Neither the presence of children nor their age affects whether or not homes are kept smoke-free. A further 40% of Canadian homes have no regular smoker living there, but permit visitors to smoke in their home. Only 19% of Canadian homes are smoke-free. [Survey on Smoking in Canada 1994-95, Cycle 2] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm In smoker's homes, an average of 18 cigarettes a day is smoked. In only 1 in 5 of these households are cigarettes not smoked directly in front of children. Smokers are more likely to have mainly smokers in their social circle, and their children are more likely to be in contact with these smoking friends and relatives than are the children of non-smokers. [An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerning Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 1995 - Ekos Research Associates] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Thus, there is no doubt that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smoker. Evidence also indicates that maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects on fetal development. It is now apparent that 'passive' or 'involuntary' smoking also has harmful effects. This involves non-smokers being exposed to the smoke from cigarettes or other tobacco products smoked by other people. In 1987 the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health produced a statement to the effect that

Computer Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Assignment - Essay Example (See PARC History) They have also partnered with SolFocus, Inc. to develop new concentrator photovoltaic systems, which may lead to the creation of less-expensive solar power. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are visionaries who helped to create the world of personal computers and computing as we know it today. Without both of their ideas, and their willingness to risk it all for those ideas, personal computers might not have become a staple in many homes throughout the world. Their enthusiasm proved to be infectious and as time has shown well merited. They were able to take the ideas and works of others and refine them, build upon them, and make them their own. If Steve Jobs had never gone to PARC users of computers wouldn't be able to point and click with their mice. If Bill Gates had not bought Seattle Computer Products' QDOS there would not has been MS-DOS and IBM's PCs might not have become such a big success. There biggest commonality is their ability to sell semi-functional products to people and make them believe that they got their money's worth. Apple's first computers crashed with some regularity and many people joke about having to open and close Windows to make it work. But people kept buying their products, knowing that they didn't function fully or properly because these men were dynamic salesmen. They were the P.T. Barnum's of the personal computing industry. These are just a few of their similarities, but they are two very different people, as is proven by the paths their lives have taken since their careers began. Steve Jobs is said to be attitudinal, conceited, and cruel to underlings, as is Bill Gates according to former staff members and writers, but Job's attitude has forced him to keep moving from company to company and idea to idea. His attitude and behavior forced him out of a project he was leading at Apple and led to his being forced into an office with nothing to do. Jobs' antinetworking attitude may have held him back from being a bigger success. Though the Next computer, introduced in 1988, had built in Ethernet networking capabilities, his insistence "that the proper use of his computer was to transfer data on a removable disk," led to his refusing orders for NeXT computers to buyers who

CLO, managing business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CLO, managing business finance - Essay Example The feeling among many investors is that the development on new regulations to reduce the risk that comes with these forms of loans will reduce the chances of getting into a financial crisis. In 2014, it is evident that investors have ventured into the form of loan due to its higher returns as compared to other forms of loans. In this perspective, we seek to analyse the possible reasons for this trend and how this is likely to impact financial flows in the global arena. Collateralized loan obligation is defined as a form of low interest loan that comprises of a pool of debt backed up by some form of security. To design a CLO, commercial group different loans together and sectionalize them into different parts. Each section of the loan bears a different risk, some having higher risks than others. The rationale is that those who pick higher risk sections have higher returns while those who pick lower risk portions have lower returns. Another point to note is the way that cases of default are handled. When defaulters fail to repay the loan, the investor with high risk loan gets less money than one who has a lower risk section. The principle behind the formation of the CLO is to increase the lending willingness of the investors and to lower the interest costs. The banks accomplish these loans through a tranch structure in which different classes of borrowers dear different risks and acquire different level of returns (Pauley & Kroszner, 2012). This loa n structure operates much similar to the home mortgage loans that existed in the 1980s. At this time, companies that had good credit ratings were allowed to borrow at lower prices while others borrowed from the banks at much higher interest rates. For this reason, CLO gained popularity prior to the financial crisis in 2008. The global financial crisis of 2008 is was the cause for the loss of popularity for the CLOs in the world. A

Social Entreprenuerism Case Study 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Entreprenuerism Case Study 3 - Coursework Example Social entrepreneurs focus on achieving social, cultural and environmental objectives hence it appeals volunteers and charitable organizations. This study gives an account of OneWorld Health organization that produces and supply drugs to poor people across the world who otherwise continues to die of curable illnesses, but with no drugs to cure those diseases (Dees and Elkington, n.d). The focus of the study is how such organizations are established, how they raise funds to finance their activities and difficulties they encounter while dealing with their clients. OneWorld Health Company is a United States based pharmaceutical organization that manufactures and supplies drugs to the needy people in the society (Dees and Elkington, n.d). This organization was the first charitable organization to be established with an objective of providing drugs to cure diseases of the poor people at an affordable price. The idea of establishing such as organization was based on the reasoning that there are specific diseases affecting poor people and yet they are not prevalent in developed nations. Therefore, Hale thought that such diseases are only found among the people who could not afford to buy drugs that could cure such diseases. According to Dees and Elkington, (n.d), Hale also realized that many healthcare providers such as universities and other research institutions have a capacity and desire to assist the needy people in the society to solve their problems. Such institutions have expertise, which they desire to use in helping the needy people in the society. However, there was a problem regarding the company through which the experts could grant their assistance to the needy people in the society. This is because, the only existing institutions are business oriented that have motives for generating wealth. Therefore, this makes it

CLO, managing business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CLO, managing business finance - Essay Example The feeling among many investors is that the development on new regulations to reduce the risk that comes with these forms of loans will reduce the chances of getting into a financial crisis. In 2014, it is evident that investors have ventured into the form of loan due to its higher returns as compared to other forms of loans. In this perspective, we seek to analyse the possible reasons for this trend and how this is likely to impact financial flows in the global arena. Collateralized loan obligation is defined as a form of low interest loan that comprises of a pool of debt backed up by some form of security. To design a CLO, commercial group different loans together and sectionalize them into different parts. Each section of the loan bears a different risk, some having higher risks than others. The rationale is that those who pick higher risk sections have higher returns while those who pick lower risk portions have lower returns. Another point to note is the way that cases of default are handled. When defaulters fail to repay the loan, the investor with high risk loan gets less money than one who has a lower risk section. The principle behind the formation of the CLO is to increase the lending willingness of the investors and to lower the interest costs. The banks accomplish these loans through a tranch structure in which different classes of borrowers dear different risks and acquire different level of returns (Pauley & Kroszner, 2012). This loa n structure operates much similar to the home mortgage loans that existed in the 1980s. At this time, companies that had good credit ratings were allowed to borrow at lower prices while others borrowed from the banks at much higher interest rates. For this reason, CLO gained popularity prior to the financial crisis in 2008. The global financial crisis of 2008 is was the cause for the loss of popularity for the CLOs in the world. A

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Law - Essay Example The point of sales are located world wide and it is able to sell its digital content via the iBookstore , iTunes , App Store, and the Mac App Store as well. The company came in to being in the year 1977, and is now regarded as the world’s largest companies. The company currently has assets worth over a $70 billion and now has devised huge plans for this years and the upcoming five years as well. As per the annual report filling which is necessary with the Securities Exchange Commission of the United States , the company will be expanding its retail operations and the business. First off the retail business of teh company will be expanded where an approximate investment of about $900 million will be spent as a result of which the total Apple retail outlets will come to be about 357. In China, the company will be taking an initiative to increase the number of stores because this is the region where Apple faces the problem of the fake Apple stores and since the Chinese market is expanding at the same time as well. Some of the stores of Apple will also be replaced , which include inside the United States as well as outside of the region. Approximately $7 billion will also be spent on the production process equipment , the infrastructure facilities if the company and the enhancements of the information systems ,hardware and software technologies as well. With the construction of the new Apple Campus taking place in California, a significant chunk of the revenue of the company will also be allotted to the purpose of the space ship campus. There are massive research facilities , plants and auditoriums being arranged in the campus which will be expanded over the 150 acres of land. Most importantly , there will be significant expenditure on the ‘solar farm’ idea of the company which will be powerhouse of the data center and this is where nearly all the operations of the iCloud will be carried out. Therefore apart from the space ship campus being buil t in Cupertino, there is another facility being constructed for Apple in North Carolina which will be powered by the solar energy. There will be significant amount of investment in the research, manufacture and the marketing of the products as well, where Apple will be introducing new products in the market that are believed to revolutionize the world of technology. Apple will also be taking measures to improve the supply chain and establish a stronger relationship with its manufacturers, Foxconn. Foxconn came under the limelight of controversies due to the below average working conditions that the entity had and therefore Apple is seeking to improve the labor conditions of the Chinese workers whereas at the same time the company is striving to increase the consumer satisfaction as well. In order to achieve this objective, Apple will be paying for half the cost which is involved in making the working conditions better. Therefore the improvements in the supply chain will be followed by making the working conditions of the manufacturers better, which is Foxconn. The expansion policies of the company will have to take under consideration the administration law which is defined as the law body responsible for the governance of the administration agencies’ activities. Apple has been quite in the limelight for the past many years for the patent infringement law suits which have been filed against various companies and the lawsuits filed by other companies on Apple. Some of these

Teaching Assistant Diploma Course Essay Example for Free

Teaching Assistant Diploma Course Essay Questions On Assignment One 1.Describe how you might contribute to a lesson given to a group of seven year old children learning to play percussion instruments. I would contribute to the lesson by firstly conversing with the teacher for guidance in which areas that they would like me to assist them. By working together we could make the whole learning process a fun and educational experience. With me being there to help, it would take the pressure off the teacher and enable them to have more free quality time for teaching. I would make sure the environment was safe hazard free in advance so that when the children came for their lesson all health safety measures would be in place and adhered to. The instruments would be ready for the children to use and I would be there for any additional assistance that was required by the teacher or the children. I would also prepare posters or handouts of the instruments that the children were going to be using so that they would know the names of the instruments, the groups that they belonged to and any other additional information that suited that age group about the lesson. My role overall in the lesson would be to contribute by assisting, maintaining the classroom, supporting both the teacher and children, encouraging the children in their activities, making sure the environment was safe and secure, ensuring any work that the children produced was mounted and displayed and that the classroom was clean and tidy before and after the lesson. 2.What might your role be in organising, using and maintaining the learning resources, material and equipment for this percussion lesson? My job is to make sure that the resources, materials and equipment that is needed for the lesson is ready and available. I would ensure this by firstly liaising with the teacher to check the materials, resources and equipment that would be required for the lesson. This would be done in advance, at least a few days before the lesson to ensure sufficient time to acquire them if they were not available at that time. I would then check to see if we had everything we needed and that it was in good working order, not broken, ripped, pages missing or parts missing. The classroom would also be checked to see that it reached health and safety standards. I would count and check all the resources so that at the end of the lesson I could account for any missing or damaged. Also, so that it would make it easier if I needed to report any losses or breakages to the teacher. Once I had checked through it all, the learning resources would then be ready for the children to use in their lesson. I would set them out or distribute them in accordance with the teachers instructions. I would be on hand to assist the children in their activities and to help them with their instruments should they not be sure of how they were played or used. This would be in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. The children would be made aware of the health and safety guidelines for their own sake and the schools when using the instruments. When the lesson was finished, the children would then be encouraged to return the instruments and any additional learning resources that they needed to a set point in the class or myself. Once this had been completed, I would then count and check each individual resource for damage and cleanliness. When that had been done, they would then be placed back where they had been stored along with the inventory for them and secured. My last job would be to ensure the classroom was clean and hazard free ready for use again. 3.Describe how you act in class in order to be an effective role model for the standards of behaviour expected in pupils? I would ensure that my behaviour and demeanour reflected the policies set by the school at all times to show the pupils consistency. Both me and the teacher should work together on how to interpret the rules, so that we both had clear guidelines on how to deal with all situations that may arise. All the staff would be expected to set a certain standard of behaviour which we all should be made aware of. This should help to promote positivity and a feeling of security. I would always make clear to the pupils what was expected of them from the school and myself as an individual. For good behaviour that they would receive rewards and for bad behaviour sanctions. The school policies would be in a prominent position so that all pupils had a constant reminder of the manner in which they are expected to conduct themselves. This gives boundaries, which I believe is a very important and effective practice, not only at school but in all areas of life. These rules would continually be repeated to the pupils so that they didnt forget and that would in turn reinforce our expectations of them. By making high quality relationships with the pupils, showing positivity and achieving successful learning, this should all lead to my ability to help any pupil gain their full potential in all areas of their school lives. Also by giving respect and listening to one another, would help develop a good rapport between the teacher and pupils. Children learn behaviour from those around them and being a child the majority of your time is spent between school and home. Therefore the greatest influences on a childs life lays between those two areas. So generally, but not always if the child has a good balance between both, then the behavioural outcome would be good. So to sum up my actions on how I would be an effective role model, I would be fair, polite, attentive, respectful, helpful, consistent, follow all rules given by the school in all areas and enforce them where necessary. 4.What strategies might you employ to encourage pupils to behave appropriately? Describe how you might react to incidents of bullying and violence. Any strategies that I may use would be in line with school policies and would be to teach and promote positive behaviour. Â ·Praise and encouragement at relevant times. Â ·Ensuring the schools behaviour policy is followed by enforcing the schools guidelines on expected behaviour. Â ·Encouraging concentration and attention in class on school work tasks. Â ·Helping and supporting the pupils to follow instructions and routines given by the school. Â ·Encouraging pupils behaviour to be of a good standard at all times. Â ·Showing respect and listening to one another. Again alongside these, the school behaviour policy that would be displayed in the classroom would be consistently referred to, to encourage the correct behaviour. Any strategies that I may use would be discussed first with the teacher/teaching staff in school to ensure that we all followed the same procedure and intrepretation of the policies. That way all pupils would expect the same approach towards behaviour from all members of staff. Bullying is an awful form of behaviour and can have a lasting effect on some people when the cases are severe. Firstly, I would liase with the teacher about how the matter should be dealt with. There are policies in every school about bullying and there should be a zero tolerance programme designed to deal with matters that may arise concerning this. It would be made clear to the party involved that this form of behaviour would not be tolerated in any way, shape or form. They would be informed that due to their actions consequences would ensue. Bullying is a serious matter and should be treated as such. The situaton would be dealt with age appropriately and according to the particular pupils understanding. I would do the following; Â ·Each incident would be dealt with indivdually and the pupils involved assessed separately. Â ·There would be made available to the pupils a safe place where they could discuss any incidents privately. Â ·Make sure all pupils were aware that bullying is always a serious matter. Â ·Respond to all incidents in the same consistent, calm manner. Â ·Inform the pupils that the individuals involved would be safe and supported by the school whilst the matter was looked into trying to be resolved. Â ·Provide programmes to help deal with underlying issues or problems that the individuals may have. Â ·Make sure all incidents are recorded and dealt with quickly and efficiently to help lessen the stress of the matter. Violence again is another damaging behaviour but more importantly a learned one. The school would have plans and strategies in place for all staff to use should violence occur so that the matter could be dealt with quickly and calmly. Â ·I should try to calm the situation between the parties involved and immediately get help to assist should it be required. Â ·I should remain calm and composed as not to aggrevate the situation further. Low voice, direct eye contact and distance between you and them. Â ·Direct any other students to leave the area for their safety and to not cause any more aggrevation to the people involved. If required for them to fetch help to assist the situation. Â ·I should talk to the party involved and inform them that their actions were unacceptable and that they needed to calm themselves. I should then suggest to continue the conversation in somewhere more private such as the Head Masters office. Â ·Once assistance had arrived, I should keep trying to diffuse the situation and motion them towards the Head Masters office to discuss matters further. These type of situations must be handled carefully and brought to a conclusion in the fastest way possible. Reports and notes should be made for future reference and to bring things to a satisfactory conclusion. Any witnesses must be spoken to so that their account of the incident may be reported and held as additional evidence. 5. Describe how you might appropriately observe the physical abilities and skills of a nine year old boy. To begin with I should discuss with the teacher which format that they would suggest would be more suitable to the task in hand and we could come to the best solution. In order to do this, firstly I would plan how I wished to perform the observations, such as times that are best and in the best circumstances that would answer the question. I would do my best to ensure that the pupil being observed wasnt directly aware of being observed, as this may cause him to behave in an unnatural manner, which would deem the observation void. My personal choice of observations to complete the task would be a combination of Time Sampling and Participative observation. The reasons I would choose these two in particular are because of the following. Time sampling because I could choose particular times to concentrate on the physical abilities and skills the boy had by observing him at break time or in a physical education lesson. My notes would consist of what the boy was doing/trying to do and any help they seemed to need. Participative observation because I could do a task along side the boy or watch him do a task such as playing a game, reading a story or joining in role play. Obviously playing a game and joining in role play would give me more of an insight into the boys physical ablities and skills. I would need to make notes consisting of what the boy was doing or achieving, what he could almost do or needed help with, what he was saying and how he interacted with the other pupils or myself. I believe these would be the best observational methods to carry out to assess this boys physical abilities and skills.

Tall Building And Urban Realms Cultural Studies Essay

Tall Building And Urban Realms Cultural Studies Essay There are more and more large scale high rise buildings in the city. What are they doing for us? As an important building type in city entity, they carry not only functional responsibility but also social public responsibility. Today, construction speed and height of the building seems to be a competition. But like other types of building, it cant be divorced from the specific building features and the surrounding environment. It cant ignore the need of social development. The most important point is the ground floor of tall building and the way of tall building melt into the urban realm. As designer, we should find the way to build up right relationship between tall building and people on the ground. From specific peoples lives, from the psychological characteristics and from the practical need of space, we should create better urban and architectural space. Ground floor of tall building is not only focusing on the scale, dimension, material, colour and detail. It cant help to creat e a humanized environment. This paper attempts to start with some failure and successful cases to study human behavior and psychological needs, then try to build a key points of ground floor of tall building and urban space. It will use environmental behavior, environmental psychology, visual perception, architecture and urban design principles to summaries the design element of the ground floor of tall building. Self-consciousness of tall building made the urban space fragmented, lack of comminuting and integrating with surrounding buildings. From the overall perspective of the urban environment, tall building shouldnt be self-exaggerated and totally against the context. It should coordinate as a whole. Philip Oldfield and Antony Wood talked about challenges for future tall building; they indicated that A second challenge for the tall building is to develop in design terms, and especially in the relationship between a tall building and its urban location. Many tall buildings historically seem to have been designed as either vertical extrusions of an efficient floor plan, or stand-alone pieces of high-rise urban sculpture. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Future tall buildings need to relate to their specific location beyond just becoming synonymous with that location the way forward is for the design to be inspired by both the physical and environmental aspects of place. (WOOD, A. OLDFIELD, P., 2009) FAILURE CASE STUDY JIN MAO TOWER The Jin Mao Tower is a landmark supertall skyscraper in the center of Lujiazui Finance and Trade Districts in Pudong district of Shanghai. Along with the Oriental Pearl Tower, it is a centerpiece of the Pudong skyline. At the ground level, the building has 3 main entrances to the lobby, two for the office portion and one for the hotel. Each entry is designed as a moongate. Each moongate consist of two glass layers that enhanced the entry sequence and give it a timeframe, a zone of through movement, not an instant threshold of crossing, from outside to inside. However, for the 420.5 meter height super-tall skyscraper, the 2 story tall entrances seem look like out of scale. In addition, the style of the entrances is not in the same design language with the body of the Jin Mao Tower, they are rather looking like a component which attached to the building after it finished. The base of the tower is surrounded by a landscape courtyard with a reflecting pool and seating, offering visitors a peaceful retreat from Shanghais busy street activity. But actually the connection between the tower and the street is not significant. Outside of this building, there is a public square right at a traffic junction. This cannot make the transition better and in fact it is not really comfortable for people using and create a strong barrier. 30 ST MARY AXE The 30 St Mary Axe is a famous landmark tall building in the financial district of London. It designed by Norman Foster and completed in 2003. It has 180 meters tall with 40 floors, mainly occupied by a head office of global reinsurance company Swiss Re. As the node of that district, it is a remarkable building with excellent concept of design by Norman Foster. But from the bottom, the building is basically closed to the walkway around. To ensure the integrality architectural form, the only opening point is the several peeled off triangle faà §ade. The public area outside the building is restricted by tedious side walk and unpleasant lineal seats along the street edge. The bottom public space is quite empty and has no public facility and activity. So if you spend some time there, you will find there are not many people actually want to stay on the seat and relax. More than this, the strong wind created by the building makes the place uncomfortable. For an important building of Lond on, the building did not play a friendly role to the public and there is rarely nothing green around the building at all. BROADGATE TOWER Broadgate Tower which just completed in 2009 is another skyscraper in the district, designed by SOM. It is standing in the northeast corner of the city, north of Liverpool street station. The tower was designed by SOM and actually those two commercial buildings formed vibrant public space in between which also a walkway connected to the station. Frankly speaking, the bottom area works very well inside the building, the large floor height of lobby was designed to allow transparent and reveal the context of the site. Outside the building, the most conspicuous space for public is the walkway between the two towers. The huge component create a shelter along the walkway, by the issue is the scale of those structure in the way of integrated with human scale. The out of scale and cause less using frequency and create uncomfortable public circumstance. SUCCESS CASE STUDY 122 LEADENHALL STREET 122 Leadenhall Street was a new office building on Leadenhall Street in the City of London, designed by Richard Rogers. It stands next to the public plaza. The challenge has been to continue the feeling of this plaza and the openness it brings whilst at the same time sticking a skyscraper on it. Rogers has taken things a step further and built a large amount of the base on stilts and surrounded on three sides of transparent cladding. They always consider the way in which the structure meets the ground and the way in which the lower level of the building relates to during the whole design process. Inside this lobby is an indoor garden creating the illusion of an open public space that is in fact internal. The clever move of providing clear views all the way through the base of the building to Leadenhall St on the other side helps remove the feeling on ground level of the building acting as a barrier. Architects really believe and insist what they are trying to achieve in this project, We are confident that this can be successfully resolved, and we think there is the potential for something special to be created. Interesting and high quality detailing at the street level is likely to be valuable in creating a successful environment.'(CABE 2003) CHONGQING TOWER The Chongqing Tower is designed by Ken Yeang to accommodate the headquarters of the Jian She Industry Corporation Ltd in Chong Qing, China. The tower is conceived as a vertical extension of the roof garden of the exhibition hall. A spiral planter system encircles the tower bringing vegetation to the summit. The site edge is planted with hardy trees and plant species indigenous to Chongqing with the landscaping continuous from street level to the office tower. The rainwater at the podium section is collected through eco-cells. A number of Eco-Cell as vertical cellular slots are integrated into the exhibition hall podium with a spiraling vegetated ramp that starts from the basement up to the roof garden of the podium to bring biomass, vegetation, daylight, rainwater and natural ventilation into the inner depths of the floors. The eco-cells can harvest and recycle rainwater for watering the landscape areas on the green belt and to clean the cultural plaza. HEARST TOWER The Hearst Tower in Manhattan, which is designed by Norman Forster and Partners, is a 46-storey tall office building. It is not super tall, but the unique appearance of the Hearst Tower building enriches the skyline of the New York City. The Hearst Tower is erupting from a 40,000-square-foot six-story old building which is built 82 years ago. The existing cast-limestone building is become the base of the Hearst Tower. It is a light yellow limestone building, adorned with grandiose allegorical sculptures and monumental urn-crowned columns. The combination of the modern glass and steel body of the Hearst Tower with the traditional heavy stone material make a great contrast between the aesthetic and culture of time impact on architecture. The existing building was used for the Hearst Corporations magazine headquarters for more than 70 years. In the design of the Hearst Tower, Foster and partners ultimately decided to let the glass modern office building body radical way in involved gutt ing the original base building and preserve its exterior, the traditional look. But the original building is been opened up the interior by removing the existing floor plates, because the original floor-to-ceiling height of 11.5 feet cannot fully satisfy the state-of-the-art standard for the modern offices. Furthermore, this rehab would change the base structure becomes the communal spaces for the users in the tower, a lot better than the tower hit the ground and connect with the street directly. The team envisioned turning the hollowed-out volume into an interior town square, with the tower hovering above it. In the other words, the modern tower makes the original tradition building better Integration to the surrounding context, and the traditional building provide a gracious historical public ground floor space for the occupants, and also the intact old building exterior enriches the city with a historical element and maximized the building impact on the city. Those case studies reveal the present situation of some tall buildings built so far and the ground level of tall building design. Generally speaking, the ground floor of tall building is the transition space. The experience of entering a building influence the way you feel inside the building. If the transition is too abrupt there is no feeling of arrival, and the inside of the building fails to be an inner sanctum.'(Alexander, C. 1977, p. 549) It is blurry sometimes, but the fact is this role has huge impacts on spatial, virtual and cultural aspect. SPACIAL IMPACT First of all, it has to be enough space for access. It carries a lot duty but also allows public to participate. If it lack of this participation, then the bottom space will lose the social benefit. Thats simply not a good public place. If we want people to have good use of the space then essentially the space of ground floor should be simple and clear for people understanding the structure of the space. That means, not by using artificial sign and even architecture plan, the ground floor itself should be able to tell users the way of using it, where are the escalator and lift lobby, reception and relaxing place etc? Another point is the space should also be dynamic. The ground floor is the place to show the power of the entire building. As fuzziness of ground floor, people will be easy to find the dynamical mind balance. Different enclosure surfaces are sending different massages to the user of the space; people use the actions and elements to get the spatial perception. It becomes more about an information exchanging process and the ground floor becomes a comfort zone where people can communicate both physically and emotionally. Moreover, the dimension of the space can control the range of activity and the level of participation of people. The truth is people feel and behavior extremely differently in different scales. People cant get the sense of being the huge scale of modern urban surroundings. But for the ground floor space, it has to be comprehensive with enough activated volume. Ground floor space with lower floor height will constrain people both physically and emotionally. It is the most significant gathering place in any tall building, so the space has to be big for varied activities. VIRTUAL IMPACT There is a consensus of modern visual aesthetic theory and art creation. In any cases, if it cant be in control of the balance of entirety, it will never be a successful piece virtual artwork. The appreciation is primarily visual and kinesthetic. Buchanan indicated they should have character and coherence that acknowledge conventions and enter into a dialogue with adjacent buildings and have compositions that crate rhythm and repose and hold the eye. (Buchanan, P., 1988b, pp.25-7) Therefore, an inconsistent tall building introduced into the urban space could break the virtual balance. The bottom area, as the part of the space, should virtually coordinate with the surrounding. Recently, the faà §adism in Hong Kong and Canada raised questions about the value of retaining the faà §ade of an older building. It is dubitable, but from inside, maybe the bottom of new building could somehow be an extension of older one, the ground floor space could be well integrated but also showing the a esthetical impression, like Hearst Tower in New York. On the other hand, as we know, tall building can give an excellent perspective from distance; however, for people on the street, the virtual coherence is really the most important to adjacent streets. For this reason, on the street, the bottom part has to create an interface to connect with the outside. When there is appropriate virtual response from the interface to the urban space, people will easily get a livable expression and clear continuity. LACK OF CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN THE LACK OF PUBLIC SPACE Many tall buildings are lack of open public space for comminuting on ground level. They usually have expanded podium building, but those kinds of space are normally unpleasant for people to rest or stop by when they walking through. The sense of communicating is crucial to the ground level. The lack of public space could also cause badly in finical return, Antony Wood summarized eight design principles for more appropriate tall buildings of the future. He pointed out such spaces have been proven to improve the quality of the internal environment which has an impact on the productivity of workers, satisfaction of residents etc. This will have a direct financial returnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ From large scale of perspective, he also said that Social sustainability on an urban scale is a major challenge for our future cities. (WOOD, A., 2008) THE LACK OF OVERALL PLANNING OF PUBLIC FACILITIES Tall buildings next to each other need the spatial continuity. The entrances for pedestrian and vehicle, the ground lobby and the podium, the facing and height of the entrances, they should be precisely planed by the designer. Without this planning, the street becomes a barrier of buildings which cut the city into pieces. It brings user inconvenience and increases the city traffic load. From inside, this situation has led to a lack of interior planning for functional facilities. In many lobbies of tall building, the arrangement of facilities is not in the appropriate way. The position of the escalator and the lift is not comfortable and efficient for people using. Transportation is also a crucial point. It affects the type and efficiency of the space. Common issues are crowded and poorly managed crossing, narrow and boring pavements, unpleasant subways etc. Effective reasonable design of the spatial environment can help to expand outdoor space, connect street, gourd floor and first f loor so that it could became a three dimensional space with good permeability between inside and outside, creates more active street in the meantime. By all means, a more humanistic integration of sharing facilities should be pushed. THE LACK OF CONSIDERATION OF ECOLOGICAL DESIGN The greening rates are generally low in most tall buildings ground level. In many ground lobby, the space is restrained and functionally organised. As the increasing number of tall building, the level of green covering will draw more impact on greenery of the city. It will accelerate the deterioration of the urban environment. Ken Yeang wrote about ecological design in tall building, he thought tall building is not an ecological building type but to design ecologically is crucial today. Especially at ground level, it doesnt only means to import greenery at ground level or introduce natural light into the lobby. The space between entrance and lobby could be a continuity of ecological environment, inside the lobby there is an opportunity to integrate with more sustainable functions, such as garden, rainwater collection, natural air-condition etc. Or even from a larger scale, the designer should consider the surrounding circumstance like what Leadenhall did; the site has tied together b y the sequences of greenery and public space. KEY ASPECTS IN DESIGN GROUND LEVEL OF TALL BUILDING INTEGRITY Integrity refers to the combination of urban relationships, construction, transportation, open space, ecosystem and cultural heritage. The ground floor of tall building integrated with complex architectural form. It is not only an extension of indoor space, but also the external units of urban environment. The bottom of tall building is the agency to make architectural space break their close form and be involved into multi-level, multi-factor dynamic open surroundings. OPENESS There is an open trend of modern city. The bottom of the building should be open to the street, community or park. The indoor space and semi-interior space are combined with the urban space. They form sharing space with a variation in size, shape and function which not only belongs to building but also to the city. There is no obvious boundary between the bottoms of each building; street, sidewalk, pedestrian bridge and park are smoothly blended together. It reduces the congestion sense of space and expands the activities space, together makes our city a more livable place. COMPLEXITY Complexity means the overlapping of varied functional levels, the linkage and permeability of different units. It is based on the compatibility of people behaviors in the city, such as shopping, walking, resting and other social leisure activities. The ground floor of tall building should accommodate a wide range of urban activates. The ground space should integrate with road and square and provide more contents with hybrid configuration, such as retails, leisure and entertainment, like what Hybrid Link did in Beijing. It should aim to meet the public diverse requirements and to make the hierarchy of urban space composited. WALKABILITY Walkability in public space is the fundamental point of urban humanness. As traffic into the city, it breaks the traditional feature of urban pleasant. The design of ground floor should take people out of the tension of traffic, create a relief comfort zone. On the ground floor, the principle is to let pedestrian have the priority and traffic go around, by organising of traffic, so that to provide a safe, comfortable pleasant, continuous walking space. People are willing to walk to their destination in 7-10 minutes. The parking area could be underground, so people could get rid of cars on the ground. The entire ground level should allow and encourage people to walk free like the podium of Chongqing Tower. This kind of area should make people walk intimately and create a feeling of belonging and emotional identification. CULTURE The design of ground floor should respect the cultural context, so that residents could get the sense of identity. The public space of ground floor can reveal the cultural content, not only in architectural style but also maintain or respect the scale of street, the way of people moving around and the living habit. In conclusion, as the age of high rise, what citizens really get from the building? How should the tall building hit the ground? Ground floor of tall building should effectively link the outdoor space with the building, relieve urban pressure, increase the coverage of greenery, improve the urban ecological environment and provide a platform for comminuting. It is a long term process, but with the better consciousness and technology it will enhance the flexibility and compatibility. As all the study of failure cases and successful cases, the importance and advantage of good design of ground level is conspicuous but we still could see so many unfriendly building sitting in the city by the sidewalk. The tough part for designers in the future is to really integrate those crucial points or principles in every project. People are looking forward a spectacular and innovative way of connection between skyscrapers and urban realm.